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EBC 2 Midterm > Inferential Statistics > Flashcards

Inferential Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Data from samples are used to make inferences about what?

A

Populations

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2
Q

Researchers make what about an entire population based on smaller number of observations?

A

Generalization

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3
Q

If many different samples were taken from a population, it would produce what?

A

Distribution of sample means

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4
Q

If different samples were taken an infinite number of times it would be called what?

A

Sampling Distribution

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5
Q

What can be inferred from the sample?

A

Population Mean

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6
Q

The speed of means around the mean of a sampling distribution is called?

A

Standard Error of the Mean (SEm)

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7
Q

The standard error of the mean can be estimated from what?

A

Sample

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8
Q

SEm is higher when?

A

Sample SD is Large

Sample Size is Small

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9
Q

SEm is lower when?

A

SD is Small

Sample Size is Large

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10
Q

What type of SEm is preferred?

A

Smaller because it’s more precise

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11
Q

What is a range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter that is being estimated?

A

Confidence Interval (CI)

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12
Q

The probability that this range of values contains the population parameter is typically what?

A

95%

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13
Q

One can have a 95% confidence that the value of the true mean lies within the what?

A

Calculated Interval

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14
Q

What are the steps to calculating a CI?

A
  1. Find the Z-score
  2. Multiply Z-score by SEm
  3. Add product to sample mean to find upper limit of CI
  4. Subtract product from sample mean to find lower limit
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15
Q

What is related to the size of the sample and the size of the data variation?

A

Size of CI

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16
Q

A small sample and large variation causes what?

A

Larger CI

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17
Q

A large sample and small variable causes what?

A

Smaller CI

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18
Q

What is an assumption that appears to explain certain events, which must be tested to see whether it is true?

A

Hypothesis

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of hypothesis?

A

Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

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20
Q

Hypothesis testing involves what?

A

Comparison of means of groups in an experiment

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21
Q

What is the objective of the hypothesis tests?

A

Find out whether they are significantly different from each other.

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22
Q

What will verify is the hypothesis is real?

A

Statistical Tests

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23
Q

The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between what?

A

Group Means

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24
Q

The research hypothesis is accepted only if the null hypothesis is what?

A

Proves to be unlikely

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25
What is unlikely to be due to chance?
Results of a study
26
Statistical significance at a specified probability level is referred to as?
Alpha
27
Statistical significance must be at least 95% unlikely that the null hypothesis is true before what?
It can be rejected
28
P values must be equal to or less than 5% in order for results of a study to reach a level of what?
Statistical Significance
29
The level of significance is NOT the same as?
P Value
30
The P value is calculated at the end of the study and must be
Statistical Significance
31
What is it called when researchers perform a lot of statistical tests on their data?
Fishing
32
Fishing increases the chance that at least one of the tests will do what?
Wrongly reach statistical significance
33
What type of error occurs when rejecting a true null hypothesis?
Type I error
34
What type of error occurs with a failure to reject a false null hypothesis?
Type II error
35
The probability of making a type I error is equal to the value of?
Alpha
36
The probability of making a type II error is equal to the value of?
Beta
37
As alpha becomes smaller, the chance of making a type I error does what?
Decreases
38
What is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis?
Power
39
Power depends on what?
Sample Size Magnitude of difference between group means Value of alpha
40
Power increases as sample size?
Increases
41
What power value is sought out by researchers?
0.80
42
If the value specified as the difference between group means in the null hypothesis is included in the 95% CI, then the null hypothesis should?
NOT be rejected
43
If 0 is not included in the 95% CI, the null hypothesis should?
be rejected
44
What determines the probabilities associated with relationships in studies?
Statistical Tests
45
What are examples of statistical tests?
T-test ANOVA Chi-Square
46
What is used to find out whether the means of the two groups are statistically different?
T-Test
47
T-test only indicates what?
Means are different
48
The t-test can be used for a single group by comparing the mean with what?
Known Values
49
The data of a t-test should be normal and involve what?
Interval or Ratio Measurement
50
What are alternative to the t-test?
Mann-Whitney U Test | Wilcoxon Test
51
With a paired t-test the groups are?
Dependent
52
ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to compare means when more than 2 groups are involved and repeating t-test will increase the probability of?
Producing Type I error
53
ANOVA can only compare what?
One outcome variable
54
ANOVA provides information about whether there are any significant differences among the what?
Group Means
55
What are the assumptions of an ANOVA test?
Normally distributed data Independent groups Variances of groups equal
56
Comparison groups compare group pairs and include?
Tukey Bonferroni Scheffe
57
What test is used to test hypotheses involving categorical data?
Chi-square Test
58
What are the 2 versions of the chi-square test?
Chi-square goodness of fit | Chi-square test of independence
59
The chi-square goodness of fit is called that because it tests whether observed frequencies fit against what/
Expected Frequencies
60
A chi-square table is used to see if the results are?
Statistically significant
61
df is the number of categories minus
1
62
What test involves frequencies of one variable that is compared with another to see if they differ significantly?
Chi-square test of independence
63
What is used for a chi-square test of independence?
2x2 contingency table

EBC 2 Midterm (9 decks)

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