Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EBC 2 Midterm > Inferential Statistics > Flashcards

Inferential Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Data from samples are used to make inferences about what?

A

Populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Researchers make what about an entire population based on smaller number of observations?

A

Generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If many different samples were taken from a population, it would produce what?

A

Distribution of sample means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If different samples were taken an infinite number of times it would be called what?

A

Sampling Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can be inferred from the sample?

A

Population Mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The speed of means around the mean of a sampling distribution is called?

A

Standard Error of the Mean (SEm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The standard error of the mean can be estimated from what?

A

Sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SEm is higher when?

A

Sample SD is Large

Sample Size is Small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SEm is lower when?

A

SD is Small

Sample Size is Large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of SEm is preferred?

A

Smaller because it’s more precise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter that is being estimated?

A

Confidence Interval (CI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The probability that this range of values contains the population parameter is typically what?

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

One can have a 95% confidence that the value of the true mean lies within the what?

A

Calculated Interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps to calculating a CI?

A
  1. Find the Z-score
  2. Multiply Z-score by SEm
  3. Add product to sample mean to find upper limit of CI
  4. Subtract product from sample mean to find lower limit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is related to the size of the sample and the size of the data variation?

A

Size of CI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A small sample and large variation causes what?

A

Larger CI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A large sample and small variable causes what?

A

Smaller CI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an assumption that appears to explain certain events, which must be tested to see whether it is true?

A

Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 types of hypothesis?

A

Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypothesis testing involves what?

A

Comparison of means of groups in an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the objective of the hypothesis tests?

A

Find out whether they are significantly different from each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What will verify is the hypothesis is real?

A

Statistical Tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between what?

A

Group Means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The research hypothesis is accepted only if the null hypothesis is what?

A

Proves to be unlikely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is unlikely to be due to chance?

A

Results of a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Statistical significance at a specified probability level is referred to as?

27
Q

Statistical significance must be at least 95% unlikely that the null hypothesis is true before what?

A

It can be rejected

28
Q

P values must be equal to or less than 5% in order for results of a study to reach a level of what?

A

Statistical Significance

29
Q

The level of significance is NOT the same as?

30
Q

The P value is calculated at the end of the study and must be

A

Statistical Significance

31
Q

What is it called when researchers perform a lot of statistical tests on their data?

32
Q

Fishing increases the chance that at least one of the tests will do what?

A

Wrongly reach statistical significance

33
Q

What type of error occurs when rejecting a true null hypothesis?

A

Type I error

34
Q

What type of error occurs with a failure to reject a false null hypothesis?

A

Type II error

35
Q

The probability of making a type I error is equal to the value of?

36
Q

The probability of making a type II error is equal to the value of?

37
Q

As alpha becomes smaller, the chance of making a type I error does what?

38
Q

What is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis?

39
Q

Power depends on what?

A

Sample Size
Magnitude of difference between group means
Value of alpha

40
Q

Power increases as sample size?

41
Q

What power value is sought out by researchers?

42
Q

If the value specified as the difference between group means in the null hypothesis is included in the 95% CI, then the null hypothesis should?

A

NOT be rejected

43
Q

If 0 is not included in the 95% CI, the null hypothesis should?

A

be rejected

44
Q

What determines the probabilities associated with relationships in studies?

A

Statistical Tests

45
Q

What are examples of statistical tests?

A

T-test
ANOVA
Chi-Square

46
Q

What is used to find out whether the means of the two groups are statistically different?

47
Q

T-test only indicates what?

A

Means are different

48
Q

The t-test can be used for a single group by comparing the mean with what?

A

Known Values

49
Q

The data of a t-test should be normal and involve what?

A

Interval or Ratio Measurement

50
Q

What are alternative to the t-test?

A

Mann-Whitney U Test

Wilcoxon Test

51
Q

With a paired t-test the groups are?

52
Q

ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to compare means when more than 2 groups are involved and repeating t-test will increase the probability of?

A

Producing Type I error

53
Q

ANOVA can only compare what?

A

One outcome variable

54
Q

ANOVA provides information about whether there are any significant differences among the what?

A

Group Means

55
Q

What are the assumptions of an ANOVA test?

A

Normally distributed data
Independent groups
Variances of groups equal

56
Q

Comparison groups compare group pairs and include?

A

Tukey
Bonferroni
Scheffe

57
Q

What test is used to test hypotheses involving categorical data?

A

Chi-square Test

58
Q

What are the 2 versions of the chi-square test?

A

Chi-square goodness of fit

Chi-square test of independence

59
Q

The chi-square goodness of fit is called that because it tests whether observed frequencies fit against what/

A

Expected Frequencies

60
Q

A chi-square table is used to see if the results are?

A

Statistically significant

61
Q

df is the number of categories minus

62
Q

What test involves frequencies of one variable that is compared with another to see if they differ significantly?

A

Chi-square test of independence

63
Q

What is used for a chi-square test of independence?

A

2x2 contingency table

EBC 2 Midterm (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions