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EBC 2 Midterm > Experimental Designs > Flashcards

Experimental Designs Flashcards

1
Q

What involves numerical data that result from taking measurements on subjects, is objective, and involves deductive reasoning?

A

Quantitative Research

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2
Q

With quantitative research the researcher is an?

A

Objective Observer

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3
Q

What involves data derived from words such as questionnaires or interviews, is subjective and involves inductive reasoning?

A

Qualitative Research

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4
Q

With qualitative research the reseacher is what

A

Actively involved at times

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5
Q

What type of research employs the scientific method and is usually regarded at a higher level?

A

Quantitative

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6
Q

Qualitative research often leads to what?

A

Quantitative Studies

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7
Q

What is used to verify the effectiveness of treatments?

A

Pragmatic Research

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8
Q

Pragmatic research does not determine what?

A

How or Why the treatment work

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9
Q

What is used to establish the efficacy of treatments?

A

Explanatory Research

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10
Q

Explanatory research is capable of answering questions about?

A

How and Why treatment works

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11
Q

Patient selection is more strict in what type of research because patients are excluded due to co-morbid condtions?

A

Explanatory

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12
Q

What research observes and records various aspects of participants in a study?

A

Descriptive (Observational) Research

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13
Q

Descriptive research involves what?

A

Descriptive Statistics

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14
Q

What considers the relationships that may exist between variables and involves correlation and regression?

A

Relational Research

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15
Q

What explores whether an intervention causes or affects one or more outcome variable and is the most demanding type of research that involves detailed methods?

A

Causal Research

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16
Q

Casual Research looks for what?

A

Statistically significant difference between groups

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17
Q

What type of research has a random assignment to groups and is capable of determining cause and effect relationships?

A

Experimental Research

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18
Q

What type of research has no random assignment and provides much less evidence about cause and effect relationships?

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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19
Q

What type of research does not involve random assignment or even a comparison group and merely involves the observation of one group before and after an intervention?

A

Non-Experimental Research

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20
Q

What is the research design notation?

A

R- random assignment
O- observation or measure
X- treatment or intervention
N- non-equivalent groups

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21
Q

A quasi-experiment has 2 groups but no?

A

Randomization

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22
Q

A non-experiment research design has only what?

A

1 group

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23
Q

Population parameters that are estimated from random samples are known as?

A

Unbiased Estimates

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24
Q

When patients are obtained using sequentially presenting patients or recruiting though advertisements this is referred to as?

A

Convenience Sampling

25
Q

When subjects are separated into homogeneous subgroups based on factors such as age or disease severity this is known as?

A

Blocking

26
Q

Blocking enhances comparison because the subgroups are more alike than?

A

The intact groups

27
Q

What is it called when the intact groups are separated into subgroups based on prognostic factors?

A

Stratified Randomization

28
Q

What is assignment that is often concealed from researches to avoid the temptation of allotting patients with certain traits to groups that will receive special treatment?

A

Concealment

29
Q

What concealment is inadequate the apparent effects of the treatment may be distorted as much as or more than the size of what?

A

Effect being investigated

30
Q

How do you determine sample size?

A

Ethically Important

Economical

31
Q

If the sample size is to small it reduces the power of a study so that a treatment effect may not be noticeable when it is actually?

A

Present

32
Q

What is regarded as the ultimate research design in health care also known as the classic experiment?

A

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

33
Q

RCT is best for what?

A 
Treatment Effects (efficacy)
Comparative Effects (effectiveness)
34
Q

What are the downsides for an RCT?

A

Sample size prevents extensive safety or risk/benefit ratio
Applicability to practice setting
Demographics external validity

35
Q

What is an inert substance or treatment?

A

Placebo

36
Q

What are compared to determine if the drug resulted in a statistically significant treatment effect?

A

Drug and Placebo Groups

37
Q

What is a non-therapeutic intervention that imitates the real treatment?

A

Sham

38
Q

A sham is similar to what?

A

Placebo

39
Q

What is the result that a treatment has on outcomes that is attributable specifically to the effect of the intervention?

A

Treatment Effect

40
Q

What do patients improve?

A

Natural History
Actual Effect of Treatment
Nonspecific Effects of Treatment

41
Q

The treatment is considered effective if the mean outcome of the treatment groups is what

A

Significantly better than placebo group

42
Q

What is it called when people react differently when participating in experiments?

A

Hawthorne Effect

43
Q

What is a factor in a clinical study?

A

Hawthorne Effect

44
Q

What are systematic errors in a study that are caused by problems with selection or assignment of patients to groups or the measurements involved in the study?

A

Bias

45
Q

Bias can render a study?

A

Invalid

46
Q

What are the types of bias?

A

Sampling Bias
Experimenter (researcher) Bias
Exclusion Bias

47
Q

A sampling bias means that during the selection process each person doesn’t have an equal change of being selected from what?

A

Source Population

48
Q

What is the best safeguard against selection bias in RCT’s?

A

Random Assignment with Concealment

49
Q

When examining or treating doctors influence a study’s results because of their expectancies or desires for a certain outcome this is known as?

A

Experimenter Bias

50
Q

How do you dimish experimenter bias?

A

Blinding (masking) of researchers and participants

51
Q

Experimenter bias can be divided into what 2 categories?

A
  1. Detection Bias

2. Performance Bias

52
Q

What bias occurs when patients drop out of a study and are systemically different from subject who remain?

A

Exclusion Bias

53
Q

What is the ability of an experiment to show that the explanatory variables actually caused the observed changes in the outcome variables?

A

Internal Validity

54
Q

What are uncontrolled factors that can influence the relationship between variables in an experiment?

A

Extraneous Variables

55
Q

Extraneous variables are unwanted because they do what?

A

Create error

56
Q

What is a type of extraneous variable that affects the explanatory variables differently?

A

Confounding Variable

57
Q

A confounding variable introduces what into the sutyd?

A

Systemic Error

58
Q

The effects of a confounding variable cannot be separated from the what?

A

Outcome Variable

59
Q

What research designs are particularly susceptible to confounding variables because the individual differences of subjects may act as confounding variables?

A

Quasi-Experimental Designs

EBC 2 Midterm (9 decks)

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