Experimental Designs

Question 1

What involves numerical data that result from taking measurements on subjects, is objective, and involves deductive reasoning?

Answer 1

Quantitative Research

Question 2

With quantitative research the researcher is an?

Answer 2

Objective Observer

Question 3

What involves data derived from words such as questionnaires or interviews, is subjective and involves inductive reasoning?

Answer 3

Qualitative Research

Question 4

With qualitative research the reseacher is what

Answer 4

Actively involved at times

Question 5

What type of research employs the scientific method and is usually regarded at a higher level?

Answer 5

Quantitative

Question 6

Qualitative research often leads to what?

Answer 6

Quantitative Studies

Question 7

What is used to verify the effectiveness of treatments?

Answer 7

Pragmatic Research

Question 8

Pragmatic research does not determine what?

Answer 8

How or Why the treatment work

Question 9

What is used to establish the efficacy of treatments?

Answer 9

Explanatory Research

Question 10

Explanatory research is capable of answering questions about?

Answer 10

How and Why treatment works

Question 11

Patient selection is more strict in what type of research because patients are excluded due to co-morbid condtions?

Answer 11

Explanatory

Question 12

What research observes and records various aspects of participants in a study?

Answer 12

Descriptive (Observational) Research

Question 13

Descriptive research involves what?

Answer 13

Descriptive Statistics

Question 14

What considers the relationships that may exist between variables and involves correlation and regression?

Answer 14

Relational Research

Question 15

What explores whether an intervention causes or affects one or more outcome variable and is the most demanding type of research that involves detailed methods?

Answer 15

Causal Research

Question 16

Casual Research looks for what?

Answer 16

Statistically significant difference between groups

Question 17

What type of research has a random assignment to groups and is capable of determining cause and effect relationships?

Answer 17

Experimental Research

Question 18

What type of research has no random assignment and provides much less evidence about cause and effect relationships?

Answer 18

Quasi-Experimental Research

Question 19

What type of research does not involve random assignment or even a comparison group and merely involves the observation of one group before and after an intervention?

Answer 19

Non-Experimental Research

Question 20

What is the research design notation?

Answer 20

R- random assignment
O- observation or measure
X- treatment or intervention
N- non-equivalent groups

Question 21

A quasi-experiment has 2 groups but no?

Answer 21

Randomization

Question 22

A non-experiment research design has only what?

Answer 22

1 group

Question 23

Population parameters that are estimated from random samples are known as?

Answer 23

Unbiased Estimates

Question 24

When patients are obtained using sequentially presenting patients or recruiting though advertisements this is referred to as?

Answer 24

Convenience Sampling

Question 25

When subjects are separated into homogeneous subgroups based on factors such as age or disease severity this is known as?

Answer 25

Blocking

Question 26

Blocking enhances comparison because the subgroups are more alike than?

Answer 26

The intact groups

Question 27

What is it called when the intact groups are separated into subgroups based on prognostic factors?

Answer 27

Stratified Randomization

Question 28

What is assignment that is often concealed from researches to avoid the temptation of allotting patients with certain traits to groups that will receive special treatment?

Answer 28

Concealment

Question 29

What concealment is inadequate the apparent effects of the treatment may be distorted as much as or more than the size of what?

Answer 29

Effect being investigated

Question 30

How do you determine sample size?

Answer 30

Ethically Important | Economical

Question 31

If the sample size is to small it reduces the power of a study so that a treatment effect may not be noticeable when it is actually?

Answer 31

Present

Question 32

What is regarded as the ultimate research design in health care also known as the classic experiment?

Answer 32

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Question 33

RCT is best for what?

Answer 33

``` Treatment Effects (efficacy) Comparative Effects (effectiveness) ```

Question 34

What are the downsides for an RCT?

Answer 34

Sample size prevents extensive safety or risk/benefit ratio Applicability to practice setting Demographics external validity

Question 35

What is an inert substance or treatment?

Answer 35

Placebo

Question 36

What are compared to determine if the drug resulted in a statistically significant treatment effect?

Answer 36

Drug and Placebo Groups

Question 37

What is a non-therapeutic intervention that imitates the real treatment?

Answer 37

Sham

Question 38

A sham is similar to what?

Answer 38

Placebo

Question 39

What is the result that a treatment has on outcomes that is attributable specifically to the effect of the intervention?

Answer 39

Treatment Effect

Question 40

What do patients improve?

Answer 40

Natural History Actual Effect of Treatment Nonspecific Effects of Treatment

Question 41

The treatment is considered effective if the mean outcome of the treatment groups is what

Answer 41

Significantly better than placebo group

Question 42

What is it called when people react differently when participating in experiments?

Answer 42

Hawthorne Effect

Question 43

What is a factor in a clinical study?

Answer 43

Hawthorne Effect

Question 44

What are systematic errors in a study that are caused by problems with selection or assignment of patients to groups or the measurements involved in the study?

Answer 44

Bias

Question 45

Bias can render a study?

Answer 45

Invalid

Question 46

What are the types of bias?

Answer 46

Sampling Bias Experimenter (researcher) Bias Exclusion Bias

Question 47

A sampling bias means that during the selection process each person doesn't have an equal change of being selected from what?

Answer 47

Source Population

Question 48

What is the best safeguard against selection bias in RCT's?

Answer 48

Random Assignment with Concealment

Question 49

When examining or treating doctors influence a study's results because of their expectancies or desires for a certain outcome this is known as?

Answer 49

Experimenter Bias

Question 50

How do you dimish experimenter bias?

Answer 50

Blinding (masking) of researchers and participants

Question 51

Experimenter bias can be divided into what 2 categories?

Answer 51

1. Detection Bias | 2. Performance Bias

Question 52

What bias occurs when patients drop out of a study and are systemically different from subject who remain?

Answer 52

Exclusion Bias

Question 53

What is the ability of an experiment to show that the explanatory variables actually caused the observed changes in the outcome variables?

Answer 53

Internal Validity

Question 54

What are uncontrolled factors that can influence the relationship between variables in an experiment?

Answer 54

Extraneous Variables

Question 55

Extraneous variables are unwanted because they do what?

Answer 55

Create error

Question 56

What is a type of extraneous variable that affects the explanatory variables differently?

Answer 56

Confounding Variable

Question 57

A confounding variable introduces what into the sutyd?

Answer 57

Systemic Error

Question 58

The effects of a confounding variable cannot be separated from the what?

Answer 58

Outcome Variable

Question 59

What research designs are particularly susceptible to confounding variables because the individual differences of subjects may act as confounding variables?

Answer 59

Quasi-Experimental Designs