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Infectious diseases DFPH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the public health importance and control measures for Diphtheria?

A

Vaccine-preventable; can cause severe respiratory disease and death.Control measures include vaccination (DTaP), antibiotics for cases, isolation of infected individuals, and prophylaxis for close contacts.

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2
Q

What are the key epidemiological factors associated with Tetanus?

A

Rare in vaccinated populations; associated with wounds and people who inject drugs (PWID).Higher burden in low-income countries lacking vaccination, with outbreaks often linked to contaminated sources.

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3
Q

What are the transmission methods and clinical details of Polio?

A

Transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route, making it highly contagious.Clinical details include fever and paralysis, with no treatment available; targeted for global eradication.

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4
Q

What are the control measures for Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?

A

Routine vaccination (DTaP) and maternal vaccination during pregnancy to protect newborns.Antibiotics for cases, isolation of symptomatic individuals, and public health campaigns to improve vaccine uptake.

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5
Q

What are the public health implications of Meningococcal Diseases?

A

Causes meningitis and septicaemia with rapid progression, posing significant health risks.Notifiable in the UK and associated with seasonal peaks and mass gatherings.

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6
Q

What are the control measures for Meningococcal Disease?

A

Vaccination (MenACWY, MenB) for routine and at-risk groups.Antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g., rifampicin or ciprofloxacin) for close contacts.Isolation of cases during the infectious period.Public awareness campaigns about symptoms for early intervention.

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7
Q

What are the clinical details associated with Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB)?

A

Fever, stiff neck, and epiglottitis.Leading cause of meningitis in children pre-vaccine.Now rare due to vaccination efforts.

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8
Q

How is Pneumococcal Disease transmitted?

A

Through respiratory droplets and direct contact.Major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and septicaemia.

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9
Q

What are the key diagnostic methods for Tuberculosis?

A

Sputum culture, PCR (GeneXpert), and chest X-ray.Tuberculin skin testing (TST) or IGRA for latent infection.

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10
Q

What is the public health importance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

A

Significant cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI).Leads to prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality.

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11
Q

What are the inequalities impacting vaccine access for Meningococcal Disease?

A

Disparities in vaccine access increase risk of infection.Low vaccine coverage particularly affects at-risk populations.

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12
Q

What are the control measures for Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB)?

A

Vaccination (HiB vaccine) as part of the routine immunization schedule.Antibiotic prophylaxis for household contacts of confirmed cases.Isolation of cases to limit spread.

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13
Q

What are the clinical details of Pneumococcal Disease?

A

Cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.Higher risk in children and elderly populations.

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14
Q

What are the transmission methods for Tuberculosis?

A

Airborne droplet nuclei, especially in pulmonary cases.Highly contagious in crowded or poorly ventilated areas.

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15
Q

What are the epidemiological trends of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

A

Higher prevalence in healthcare settings.Spread primarily through contact with contaminated surfaces or individuals.

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16
Q

What are the control measures for Clostridium difficile infections?

A

Antibiotic stewardship to reduce inappropriate use.Isolation of symptomatic patients.Enhanced cleaning with sporicidal agents in healthcare settings.Hand hygiene using soap and water, as alcohol-based hand rubs are ineffective against spores.Education for healthcare workers about infection control practices.

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17
Q

What are the public health implications of Campylobacter infections?

A

Leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.Associated with consumption of undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water.More common in regions with inadequate food safety standards.

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18
Q

What are the key clinical details of Cholera?

A

Causes watery diarrhoea, dehydration, and shock.Endemic in areas with poor sanitation; outbreaks linked to contaminated water and food.Notifiable in the UK.

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19
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis transmitted?

A

Transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route.Ingestion of contaminated water or food is the primary method of infection.Common in children and linked to contaminated water, swimming pools, and petting zoos.

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20
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for Shigella infections?

A

Stool culture is the primary method for diagnosis.PCR can also be used for more rapid identification.Clinical details include symptoms of bacillary dysentery.

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21
Q

What are the control measures for preventing Cholera outbreaks?

A

Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is crucial.Oral cholera vaccine for high-risk populations.Public health campaigns on hygiene and food safety.

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22
Q

What are the epidemiological factors associated with Clostridium difficile?

A

Most common in hospitalized patients, especially after antibiotic use.Higher incidence in elderly and immunocompromised individuals.

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23
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Campylobacter infection?

A

Diarrhoea, often bloody, abdominal cramps, and fever.Commonly associated with undercooked poultry and contaminated water.

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24
Q

What is the public health importance of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Significant cause of diarrheal disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals and children.Disproportionate burden in low-income regions with poor water quality.

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25
What are the transmission routes for Cholera?
Transmission occurs through the faecal-oral route.Contaminated water or food is the primary source of infection.
26
What are the key control measures for Shigella outbreaks?
Improved sanitation and access to clean water.Education on hand hygiene and travel advice.Antibiotic treatment in severe cases, based on susceptibility testing.Isolation of symptomatic individuals during outbreaks.
27
What are the clinical details associated with E. coli VTEC and STEC infections?
Bloody diarrhoea and abdominal pain.Can lead to haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in severe cases.More severe symptoms observed in children.
28
What are the main transmission routes for Salmonellosis?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water.Faecal-oral transmission, often linked to poultry and eggs.
29
What are the public health implications of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections?
Causes severe systemic illness with high mortality if untreated.Associated with travel cases in the UK and endemic in regions with poor sanitation.
30
What are the common clinical symptoms of Lyme Disease?
Erythema migrans rash and flu-like symptoms.Joint pain and potential neurological involvement in later stages.
31
What are the primary reservoirs for E. coli VTEC and STEC?
Cattle and other ruminants.Contaminated food sources linked to these animals.
32
What are the recommended control measures for preventing Salmonellosis?
Proper food handling and thorough cooking.Public education on hygiene and food safety.Surveillance and control in food production systems.
33
What is the significance of the diagnosis methods for Shigella infections?
Stool culture or PCR to identify the specific strain.Four main strains include Sonnei (common and mild) and others that are more severe.
34
How does climate change affect the prevalence of Lyme Disease?
Increasing temperatures lead to expanding tick populations.Common in areas with high tick populations, such as woodlands.
35
What are the inequalities impacting the burden of Shigella infections?
Higher burden among displaced populations and in conflict zones.More common in areas with inadequate sanitation.
36
What are the key public health measures for preventing measles outbreaks?
High MMR vaccination coverage (two doses) is essential.Isolation of cases during the infectious period and post-exposure prophylaxis for contacts.
37
What are the clinical features of mumps?
Presentation includes fever, parotitis (swelling of the salivary glands), and orchitis in males.Aseptic meningitis can occur in severe cases.
38
How is rubella transmitted and what are its public health implications?
Rubella is transmitted via droplet spread and poses a threat to pregnant women.Congenital rubella syndrome can lead to serious fetal abnormalities.
39
What are the main prevention strategies for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Routine vaccination for adolescents is crucial to reduce cancer risk.Cervical screening programs help in early detection of abnormalities.
40
What are the epidemiological characteristics of influenza?
Influenza occurs in seasonal waves, affecting vulnerable populations like the elderly, infants and pregnant women.It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk groups.
41
What are the symptoms associated with measles?
Symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash starting on the face.Koplik spots may also be observed in patients.
42
What is the transmission mode for mumps and its public health significance?
Mumps is transmitted through droplet spread or direct contact with saliva.Outbreaks typically occur in unvaccinated or partially vaccinated groups.
43
What are the potential complications of rubella in pregnant women?
Rubella can lead to congenital rubella syndrome, causing deafness, heart defects, and cataracts in infants.High MMR vaccination coverage helps mitigate these risks.
44
What are the common presentations of HPV infection?
HPV infections are often asymptomatic and are cleared by the immune system but persistant infection can lead to genital warts or abnormal cervical cytology.It is a common sexually transmitted infection with various types linked to cancer.
45
What are the key public health measures for controlling influenza outbreaks?
Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy for seasonal influenza.Monitoring and managing outbreaks in high-risk populations is essential.
46
What are the clinical details and transmission modes of pandemic influenza?
Presentation: Fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue.Transmission Mode: Human to human via droplets and fomites; animal to human for new subtypes (pigs, birds).
47
What are the key prevention strategies for pandemic influenza?
Annual flu vaccination for at-risk groups.Isolation of cases in healthcare settings and development of seasonal vaccines based on WHO recommendations.
48
What are the clinical details and transmission modes of Hepatitis A?
Presentation: Fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, dark urine.Transmission Mode: Faecal-oral, sexual, and contaminated food/water.
49
What are the prevention and control measures for Hepatitis A?
Vaccination for travelers, MSM, and at-risk occupations.Improved hygiene and sanitation practices.
50
What are the public health implications of Hepatitis B?
Major cause of cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, and liver cancer globally.Higher burden in vulnerable populations such as migrants and prisoners.
51
What are the clinical details and transmission modes of Hepatitis B?
Presentation: Acute phase may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain; chronic phase often asymptomatic.Transmission Mode: Bloodborne, sexual, and vertical (mother to baby).
52
What are the prevention strategies for Hepatitis B?
Vaccination of high-risk groups and antenatal screening.Post-exposure prophylaxis with HBV vaccine and immunoglobulin for contacts.
53
What is the significance of Hepatitis C in public health?
Leading cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis; curable with antivirals.Disproportionately affects marginalized groups, including IV drug users.
54
What are the clinical details and transmission modes of Hepatitis C?
Presentation: Often asymptomatic in the acute phase; chronic infection can progress to severe liver disease.Transmission Mode: Bloodborne.
55
What are the prevention and control measures for Hepatitis C?
No vaccine available; harm reduction strategies for IV drug users.Universal access to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and screening of blood donations.
56
What is the relationship between Hepatitis D and Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis D only exists in conjunction with Hepatitis B.Increases the risk of cirrhosis in infected individuals.
57
What are the key characteristics and public health implications of Hepatitis E?
Transmission: Faecal-oral route.Less severe than Hepatitis A, but poses risks during pregnancy, including liver failure and fetal loss.
58
What are the main features of Norovirus outbreaks?
Leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, especially in healthcare settings.Highly contagious, with symptoms including vomiting and diarrhea; often self-limiting.
59
What are the transmission modes and prevention strategies for Zika Virus?
Transmission: Mosquito bites, sexual transmission, and vertical transmission.Prevention includes avoiding travel to endemic areas and using mosquito repellents.
60
What are the clinical details and public health importance of Dengue?
Leading cause of morbidity in tropical regions; severe cases can lead to hemorrhagic fever.Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, and rash; prevention involves community mosquito control.
61
What are the characteristics and prevention methods for Malaria?
Major global health issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa; caused by Plasmodium spp.Prevention includes vaccination, use of insecticide-treated nets, and prompt treatment.
62
What are the clinical presentations of Chickenpox and Shingles?
Chickenpox: Fever, malaise, and pruritic vesicular rash; can cause severe disease in pregnant women.Shingles: Painful, localized vesicular rash in a dermatomal distribution.
63
What are the main public health concerns associated with Scabies?
Common parasitic skin condition with outbreaks in institutional settings.Can lead to complications like septicaemia, heart disease, and kidney problems.
64
How is Legionella transmitted and what are its public health implications?
Transmission occurs through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from water systems.Causes Legionnaires' disease, which can lead to severe pneumonia and death.
65
What are the key epidemiological factors of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Most common in older people; primarily sporadic cases.Variant CJD linked to consumption of contaminated beef; rare in the UK due to meat industry controls.
66
What are the prevention and control measures for Chickenpox and Shingles?
Exclude children from school until vesicles crust over.Vaccination is part of the routine childhood schedule in the UK; shingles vaccine for older adults.
67
What are the transmission modes for Scabies?
Prolonged skin-to-skin contact facilitates transmission.Outbreaks are common in overcrowded and low-income settings.
68
What are the diagnostic methods for Legionella infections?
Diagnosis can be made using urinary antigen tests, PCR, or culture from respiratory samples.Most cases occur in males over 50 with risk factors like smoking and pulmonary illness.
69
What are the clinical features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?
Rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, ataxia, and vision disturbances.Results in fatal neurodegeneration with no known cure.
70
What are the control measures for Scabies outbreaks?
Treat all household and close contacts simultaneously.Wash bedding and clothing to prevent reinfection.
71
What is the reservoir for Chickenpox and Shingles?
Humans are the primary reservoir for both Chickenpox and Shingles.Shingles results from reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus in individuals.
72
What are the diagnostic methods for confirming neurological diseases?
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)EEG (Electroencephalogram)Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, such as 14-3-3 proteinBrain biopsy (post-mortem confirmation)
73
What are the control and prevention measures for Chlamydia?
National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) in the UKSurveillance using GUMCAD dataPartner notification and treatmentPromotion of condom use and public awareness campaigns
74
What are the clinical details and transmission methods of Gonorrhoea?
Presentation: Urethral discharge, dysuria, testicular pain (men); vaginal discharge, pelvic pain (women)Transmission: Sexual contact, vertical transmission during birthDiagnosis: PCR (urine/swab), culture for antibiotic resistance testing
75
What are the public health implications of untreated Syphilis?
Can lead to congenital syphilis, neurological complications, and cardiovascular diseaseResurgence in cases in the UK, particularly among MSM and sex workers
76
What are the key epidemiological factors associated with HIV?
High prevalence in MSM, sex workers, and Black African communitiesStigma affects testing and treatment access, disproportionately impacting low-income populations and ethnic minorities
77
What are the common presentations of Chlamydia in men and women?
Men: Urethritis, dysuria, dischargeWomen: Cervicitis, vaginal discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
78
What are the control measures for Gonorrhoea to combat antibiotic resistance?
Partner notification and treatmentAntibiotic stewardship to prevent resistancePromotion of condom use and sexual health education
79
What are the stages of Syphilis and their clinical presentations?
Primary: Painless genital ulcer (chancre)Secondary: Rash, flu-like symptoms, mucous membrane lesionsTertiary: Neurological or cardiovascular complications
80
What are the transmission routes for HIV?
Blood, sexual contact, vertical transmission (from mother to child), needle-sharingFlu-like illness during the acute phase, followed by a long asymptomatic period if untreated
81
What are the public health measures to prevent congenital syphilis?
Routine antenatal screening to prevent transmission from mother to childPartner tracing and treatment with antibioticsPublic health campaigns for early diagnosis
82
What are the key diagnostic methods for HIV?
HIV antibody/antigen testsPCR for viral load
83
What are the main control and prevention measures for HIV?
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and education programsRoutine testing and stigma reduction strategies
84
What is the public health importance of COVID-19?
Global pandemic with high morbidity and mortalityOngoing concern with emerging variants
85
What are the common symptoms of COVID-19?
Fever, cough, breathlessnessAnosmia, fatigue
86
What are the main transmission methods for COVID-19?
Respiratory dropletsAerosols
87
What are the health risks associated with lead exposure?
Neurotoxicity in children, hypertension, kidney damage in adultsLong-term socioeconomic consequences
88
How does lead exposure impact inequalities?
Higher risk in low-income populationsDisproportionate burden on minority groups
89
What are the prevention measures for lead exposure?
Screening programs for childrenRemoval of lead-based paintPublic awareness campaigns
90
What are the health risks associated with asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancerSecondary contamination affecting families
91
Who is most affected by asbestos exposure?
Industrial workers, miners, construction workersCommunities near asbestos mines or factories
92
What are the prevention measures for asbestos exposure?
Banning asbestos use in constructionSafe removal and disposal of asbestos
93
What are the health risks associated with chlorine exposure?
Acute respiratory irritation, chemical burnsWater contamination from improper handling
94
Who is at higher risk for chlorine exposure?
Industrial workers near chemical plantsCommunities with poor regulation
95
What are the prevention measures for chlorine exposure?
Strict regulation of chlorine storageEmergency response plans for accidents
96
What is the public health importance of carbon monoxide (CO)?
Leading cause of unintentional poisoning deathsCommon in poorly ventilated areas
97
What are the health risks associated with carbon monoxide exposure?
Hypoxia, headache, dizziness, nauseaConfusion and death at high levels
98
What are the long-term neurological effects in survivors of severe poisoning?
Potential cognitive impairments and memory issues.Increased risk of mental health disorders.
99
What populations are most affected by carbon monoxide poisoning?
Low-income households using outdated or unsafe heating appliances.Populations in areas with poor building ventilation.
100
What are effective prevention and control measures for carbon monoxide risks?
Installation of CO detectors in homes and public buildings.Regular inspection and maintenance of heating appliances.
101
What are the public health impacts of storms?
Cause injuries, deaths, and disruption to infrastructure.Lead to mental health impacts and loss of healthcare access.
102
What are the direct health risks associated with storms?
Physical injuries, drowning, and fatalities from structural collapse.Increased strain on emergency services during disasters.
103
How do storms impact health inequalities?
Vulnerable groups include those in poorly built housing.Areas prone to flooding are disproportionately affected.
104
What control measures can be implemented for storm-related health risks?
Early warning systems and disaster preparedness plans.Strengthening infrastructure and evacuation plans.
105
What are the public health concerns during heat waves?
Increase in heat-related illnesses and deaths.Particularly affects vulnerable populations like the elderly.
106
What are the direct health risks of heat waves?
Heatstroke, dehydration, and cardiovascular strain.Increased hospital admissions for heat-related conditions.
107
How do heat waves affect health inequalities?
Affects the elderly, chronically ill, and those without cooling systems.Low-income communities may lack access to resources.
108
What control measures can help mitigate heat wave impacts?
Heatwave action plans and cooling centers.Public education campaigns about heat safety.
109
What are the public health implications of cold weather?
Linked to hypothermia, cardiovascular strain, and respiratory illnesses.Increased risk of illness among vulnerable populations.
110
What are the direct health risks associated with cold weather?
Hypothermia, frostbite, and increased cardiovascular mortality.Higher incidence of respiratory infections during winter.
111
How does cold weather impact health inequalities?
Low-income households and the elderly are disproportionately affected.Increased fuel poverty impacts mental and physical health.
112
What control measures can be taken to address cold weather health risks?
Winter fuel payment programs and insulation grants.Public health messaging about cold weather safety.
113
What are the public health concerns associated with floods?
Associated with waterborne diseases, injuries, and long-term displacement.Contamination of water supplies and disruption to services.
114
What are the direct health risks of floods?
Drowning, injuries, and infections from contaminated water.Increased risk of mental health issues post-disaster.
115
How do floods impact health inequalities?
Disproportionately affects low-income communities in flood-prone areas.Limited resources for recovery and rebuilding.
116
What control measures can be implemented to mitigate flood risks?
Flood defenses and zoning regulations.Emergency response plans and community preparedness training.
117
What are the public health implications of radiation exposure?
Linked to cancer risks, particularly lung cancer from radon exposure.Increased anxiety and stigma associated with radiation exposure.
118
What are the direct health risks associated with radiation exposure?
Increased cancer risk from ionizing radiation.Potential long-term health effects from occupational exposure.
119
How does radiation exposure impact health inequalities?
Higher radon exposure in poorly ventilated homes.Certain geological areas have higher risks of exposure.
120
What control measures can be taken to address radiation risks?
Radon testing and mitigation programs.Regulatory limits on occupational exposure and waste disposal.
121
What is the public health importance of climate change?
A global health emergency exacerbating existing health inequalities.Directly linked to heat-related illnesses and extreme weather injuries.
122
What are the direct health risks associated with climate change?
Heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and injuries from extreme weather.Increased respiratory issues due to air quality deterioration.
123
How does climate change impact health inequalities?
Vulnerable populations include low-income communities and indigenous peoples.Those in low-lying coastal areas face greater risks of displacement.
124
What control measures can be implemented to address climate change health risks?
Mitigation strategies like reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Adaptation plans for resilient infrastructure and early warning systems.

CC DFPH (16 decks)

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