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CC DFPH > Infectious diseases DFPH > Flashcards

Infectious diseases DFPH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the public health importance and control measures for Diphtheria?

A

Vaccine-preventable; can cause severe respiratory disease and death.Control measures include vaccination (DTaP), antibiotics for cases, isolation of infected individuals, and prophylaxis for close contacts.

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2
Q

What are the key epidemiological factors associated with Tetanus?

A

Rare in vaccinated populations; associated with wounds and people who inject drugs (PWID).Higher burden in low-income countries lacking vaccination, with outbreaks often linked to contaminated sources.

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3
Q

What are the transmission methods and clinical details of Polio?

A

Transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route, making it highly contagious.Clinical details include fever and paralysis, with no treatment available; targeted for global eradication.

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4
Q

What are the control measures for Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?

A

Routine vaccination (DTaP) and maternal vaccination during pregnancy to protect newborns.Antibiotics for cases, isolation of symptomatic individuals, and public health campaigns to improve vaccine uptake.

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5
Q

What are the public health implications of Meningococcal Diseases?

A

Causes meningitis and septicaemia with rapid progression, posing significant health risks.Notifiable in the UK and associated with seasonal peaks and mass gatherings.

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6
Q

What are the control measures for Meningococcal Disease?

A

Vaccination (MenACWY, MenB) for routine and at-risk groups.Antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g., rifampicin or ciprofloxacin) for close contacts.Isolation of cases during the infectious period.Public awareness campaigns about symptoms for early intervention.

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7
Q

What are the clinical details associated with Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB)?

A

Fever, stiff neck, and epiglottitis.Leading cause of meningitis in children pre-vaccine.Now rare due to vaccination efforts.

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8
Q

How is Pneumococcal Disease transmitted?

A

Through respiratory droplets and direct contact.Major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and septicaemia.

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9
Q

What are the key diagnostic methods for Tuberculosis?

A

Sputum culture, PCR (GeneXpert), and chest X-ray.Tuberculin skin testing (TST) or IGRA for latent infection.

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10
Q

What is the public health importance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

A

Significant cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI).Leads to prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality.

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11
Q

What are the inequalities impacting vaccine access for Meningococcal Disease?

A

Disparities in vaccine access increase risk of infection.Low vaccine coverage particularly affects at-risk populations.

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12
Q

What are the control measures for Haemophilus influenzae B (HiB)?

A

Vaccination (HiB vaccine) as part of the routine immunization schedule.Antibiotic prophylaxis for household contacts of confirmed cases.Isolation of cases to limit spread.

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13
Q

What are the clinical details of Pneumococcal Disease?

A

Cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.Higher risk in children and elderly populations.

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14
Q

What are the transmission methods for Tuberculosis?

A

Airborne droplet nuclei, especially in pulmonary cases.Highly contagious in crowded or poorly ventilated areas.

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15
Q

What are the epidemiological trends of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

A

Higher prevalence in healthcare settings.Spread primarily through contact with contaminated surfaces or individuals.

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16
Q

What are the control measures for Clostridium difficile infections?

A

Antibiotic stewardship to reduce inappropriate use.Isolation of symptomatic patients.Enhanced cleaning with sporicidal agents in healthcare settings.Hand hygiene using soap and water, as alcohol-based hand rubs are ineffective against spores.Education for healthcare workers about infection control practices.

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17
Q

What are the public health implications of Campylobacter infections?

A

Leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.Associated with consumption of undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water.More common in regions with inadequate food safety standards.

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18
Q

What are the key clinical details of Cholera?

A

Causes watery diarrhoea, dehydration, and shock.Endemic in areas with poor sanitation; outbreaks linked to contaminated water and food.Notifiable in the UK.

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19
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis transmitted?

A

Transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route.Ingestion of contaminated water or food is the primary method of infection.Common in children and linked to contaminated water, swimming pools, and petting zoos.

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20
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for Shigella infections?

A

Stool culture is the primary method for diagnosis.PCR can also be used for more rapid identification.Clinical details include symptoms of bacillary dysentery.

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21
Q

What are the control measures for preventing Cholera outbreaks?

A

Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is crucial.Oral cholera vaccine for high-risk populations.Public health campaigns on hygiene and food safety.

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22
Q

What are the epidemiological factors associated with Clostridium difficile?

A

Most common in hospitalized patients, especially after antibiotic use.Higher incidence in elderly and immunocompromised individuals.

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23
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Campylobacter infection?

A

Diarrhoea, often bloody, abdominal cramps, and fever.Commonly associated with undercooked poultry and contaminated water.

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24
Q

What is the public health importance of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Significant cause of diarrheal disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals and children.Disproportionate burden in low-income regions with poor water quality.

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25
Q

What are the transmission routes for Cholera?

A

Transmission occurs through the faecal-oral route.Contaminated water or food is the primary source of infection.

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26
Q

What are the key control measures for Shigella outbreaks?

A

Improved sanitation and access to clean water.Education on hand hygiene and travel advice.Antibiotic treatment in severe cases, based on susceptibility testing.Isolation of symptomatic individuals during outbreaks.

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27
Q

What are the clinical details associated with E. coli VTEC and STEC infections?

A

Bloody diarrhoea and abdominal pain.Can lead to haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in severe cases.More severe symptoms observed in children.

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28
Q

What are the main transmission routes for Salmonellosis?

A

Ingestion of contaminated food or water.Faecal-oral transmission, often linked to poultry and eggs.

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29
Q

What are the public health implications of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections?

A

Causes severe systemic illness with high mortality if untreated.Associated with travel cases in the UK and endemic in regions with poor sanitation.

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30
Q

What are the common clinical symptoms of Lyme Disease?

A

Erythema migrans rash and flu-like symptoms.Joint pain and potential neurological involvement in later stages.

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31
Q

What are the primary reservoirs for E. coli VTEC and STEC?

A

Cattle and other ruminants.Contaminated food sources linked to these animals.

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32
Q

What are the recommended control measures for preventing Salmonellosis?

A

Proper food handling and thorough cooking.Public education on hygiene and food safety.Surveillance and control in food production systems.

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33
Q

What is the significance of the diagnosis methods for Shigella infections?

A

Stool culture or PCR to identify the specific strain.Four main strains include Sonnei (common and mild) and others that are more severe.

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34
Q

How does climate change affect the prevalence of Lyme Disease?

A

Increasing temperatures lead to expanding tick populations.Common in areas with high tick populations, such as woodlands.

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35
Q

What are the inequalities impacting the burden of Shigella infections?

A

Higher burden among displaced populations and in conflict zones.More common in areas with inadequate sanitation.

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36
Q

What are the key public health measures for preventing measles outbreaks?

A

High MMR vaccination coverage (two doses) is essential.Isolation of cases during the infectious period and post-exposure prophylaxis for contacts.

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37
Q

What are the clinical features of mumps?

A

Presentation includes fever, parotitis (swelling of the salivary glands), and orchitis in males.Aseptic meningitis can occur in severe cases.

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38
Q

How is rubella transmitted and what are its public health implications?

A

Rubella is transmitted via droplet spread and poses a threat to pregnant women.Congenital rubella syndrome can lead to serious fetal abnormalities.

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39
Q

What are the main prevention strategies for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

A

Routine vaccination for adolescents is crucial to reduce cancer risk.Cervical screening programs help in early detection of abnormalities.

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40
Q

What are the epidemiological characteristics of influenza?

A

Influenza occurs in seasonal waves, affecting vulnerable populations like the elderly and pregnant women.It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk groups.

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41
Q

What are the symptoms associated with measles?

A

Symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash starting on the face.Koplik spots may also be observed in patients.

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42
Q

What is the transmission mode for mumps and its public health significance?

A

Mumps is transmitted through droplet spread or direct contact with saliva.Outbreaks typically occur in unvaccinated or partially vaccinated groups.

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43
Q

What are the potential complications of rubella in pregnant women?

A

Rubella can lead to congenital rubella syndrome, causing deafness, heart defects, and cataracts in infants.High MMR vaccination coverage helps mitigate these risks.

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44
Q

What are the common presentations of HPV infection?

A

HPV infections are often asymptomatic and are cleared by the immune system but persistant infection can lead to genital warts or abnormal cervical cytology.It is a common sexually transmitted infection with various types linked to cancer.

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45
Q

What are the key public health measures for controlling influenza outbreaks?

A

Vaccination is the primary prevention strategy for seasonal influenza.Monitoring and managing outbreaks in high-risk populations is essential.

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46
Q

What are the clinical details and transmission modes of pandemic influenza?

A

Presentation: Fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue.Transmission Mode: Human to human via droplets and fomites; animal to human for new subtypes (pigs, birds).

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47
Q

What are the key prevention strategies for pandemic influenza?

A

Annual flu vaccination for at-risk groups.Isolation of cases in healthcare settings and development of seasonal vaccines based on WHO recommendations.

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48
Q

What are the clinical details and transmission modes of Hepatitis A?

A

Presentation: Fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, dark urine.Transmission Mode: Faecal-oral, sexual, and contaminated food/water.

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49
Q

What are the prevention and control measures for Hepatitis A?

A

Vaccination for travelers, MSM, and at-risk occupations.Improved hygiene and sanitation practices.

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50
Q

What are the public health implications of Hepatitis B?

A

Major cause of cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, and liver cancer globally.Higher burden in vulnerable populations such as migrants and prisoners.

51
Q

What are the clinical details and transmission modes of Hepatitis B?

A

Presentation: Acute phase may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain; chronic phase often asymptomatic.Transmission Mode: Bloodborne, sexual, and vertical (mother to baby).

52
Q

What are the prevention strategies for Hepatitis B?

A

Vaccination of high-risk groups and antenatal screening.Post-exposure prophylaxis with HBV vaccine and immunoglobulin for contacts.

53
Q

What is the significance of Hepatitis C in public health?

A

Leading cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis; curable with antivirals.Disproportionately affects marginalized groups, including IV drug users.

54
Q

What are the clinical details and transmission modes of Hepatitis C?

A

Presentation: Often asymptomatic in the acute phase; chronic infection can progress to severe liver disease.Transmission Mode: Bloodborne.

55
Q

What are the prevention and control measures for Hepatitis C?

A

No vaccine available; harm reduction strategies for IV drug users.Universal access to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and screening of blood donations.

56
Q

What is the relationship between Hepatitis D and Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis D only exists in conjunction with Hepatitis B.Increases the risk of cirrhosis in infected individuals.

57
Q

What are the key characteristics and public health implications of Hepatitis E?

A

Transmission: Faecal-oral route.Less severe than Hepatitis A, but poses risks during pregnancy, including liver failure and fetal loss.

58
Q

What are the main features of Norovirus outbreaks?

A

Leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, especially in healthcare settings.Highly contagious, with symptoms including vomiting and diarrhea; often self-limiting.

59
Q

What are the transmission modes and prevention strategies for Zika Virus?

A

Transmission: Mosquito bites, sexual transmission, and vertical transmission.Prevention includes avoiding travel to endemic areas and using mosquito repellents.

60
Q

What are the clinical details and public health importance of Dengue?

A

Leading cause of morbidity in tropical regions; severe cases can lead to hemorrhagic fever.Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, and rash; prevention involves community mosquito control.

61
Q

What are the characteristics and prevention methods for Malaria?

A

Major global health issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa; caused by Plasmodium spp.Prevention includes vaccination, use of insecticide-treated nets, and prompt treatment.

62
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Chickenpox and Shingles?

A

Chickenpox: Fever, malaise, and pruritic vesicular rash; can cause severe disease in pregnant women.Shingles: Painful, localized vesicular rash in a dermatomal distribution.

63
Q

What are the main public health concerns associated with Scabies?

A

Common parasitic skin condition with outbreaks in institutional settings.Can lead to complications like septicaemia, heart disease, and kidney problems.

64
Q

How is Legionella transmitted and what are its public health implications?

A

Transmission occurs through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from water systems.Causes Legionnaires’ disease, which can lead to severe pneumonia and death.

65
Q

What are the key epidemiological factors of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

A

Most common in older people; primarily sporadic cases.Variant CJD linked to consumption of contaminated beef; rare in the UK due to meat industry controls.

66
Q

What are the prevention and control measures for Chickenpox and Shingles?

A

Exclude children from school until vesicles crust over.Vaccination is part of the routine childhood schedule in the UK; shingles vaccine for older adults.

67
Q

What are the transmission modes for Scabies?

A

Prolonged skin-to-skin contact facilitates transmission.Outbreaks are common in overcrowded and low-income settings.

68
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for Legionella infections?

A

Diagnosis can be made using urinary antigen tests, PCR, or culture from respiratory samples.Most cases occur in males over 50 with risk factors like smoking and pulmonary illness.

69
Q

What are the clinical features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

A

Rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, ataxia, and vision disturbances.Results in fatal neurodegeneration with no known cure.

70
Q

What are the control measures for Scabies outbreaks?

A

Treat all household and close contacts simultaneously.Wash bedding and clothing to prevent reinfection.

71
Q

What is the reservoir for Chickenpox and Shingles?

A

Humans are the primary reservoir for both Chickenpox and Shingles.Shingles results from reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus in individuals.

72
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for confirming neurological diseases?

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)EEG (Electroencephalogram)Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, such as 14-3-3 proteinBrain biopsy (post-mortem confirmation)

73
Q

What are the control and prevention measures for Chlamydia?

A

National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) in the UKSurveillance using GUMCAD dataPartner notification and treatmentPromotion of condom use and public awareness campaigns

74
Q

What are the clinical details and transmission methods of Gonorrhoea?

A

Presentation: Urethral discharge, dysuria, testicular pain (men); vaginal discharge, pelvic pain (women)Transmission: Sexual contact, vertical transmission during birthDiagnosis: PCR (urine/swab), culture for antibiotic resistance testing

75
Q

What are the public health implications of untreated Syphilis?

A

Can lead to congenital syphilis, neurological complications, and cardiovascular diseaseResurgence in cases in the UK, particularly among MSM and sex workers

76
Q

What are the key epidemiological factors associated with HIV?

A

High prevalence in MSM, sex workers, and Black African communitiesStigma affects testing and treatment access, disproportionately impacting low-income populations and ethnic minorities

77
Q

What are the common presentations of Chlamydia in men and women?

A

Men: Urethritis, dysuria, dischargeWomen: Cervicitis, vaginal discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

78
Q

What are the control measures for Gonorrhoea to combat antibiotic resistance?

A

Partner notification and treatmentAntibiotic stewardship to prevent resistancePromotion of condom use and sexual health education

79
Q

What are the stages of Syphilis and their clinical presentations?

A

Primary: Painless genital ulcer (chancre)Secondary: Rash, flu-like symptoms, mucous membrane lesionsTertiary: Neurological or cardiovascular complications

80
Q

What are the transmission routes for HIV?

A

Blood, sexual contact, vertical transmission (from mother to child), needle-sharingFlu-like illness during the acute phase, followed by a long asymptomatic period if untreated

81
Q

What are the public health measures to prevent congenital syphilis?

A

Routine antenatal screening to prevent transmission from mother to childPartner tracing and treatment with antibioticsPublic health campaigns for early diagnosis

82
Q

What are the key diagnostic methods for HIV?

A

HIV antibody/antigen testsPCR for viral load

83
Q

What are the main control and prevention measures for HIV?

A

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and education programsRoutine testing and stigma reduction strategies

84
Q

What is the public health importance of COVID-19?

A

Global pandemic with high morbidity and mortalityOngoing concern with emerging variants

85
Q

What are the common symptoms of COVID-19?

A

Fever, cough, breathlessnessAnosmia, fatigue

86
Q

What are the main transmission methods for COVID-19?

A

Respiratory dropletsAerosols

87
Q

What are the health risks associated with lead exposure?

A

Neurotoxicity in children, hypertension, kidney damage in adultsLong-term socioeconomic consequences

88
Q

How does lead exposure impact inequalities?

A

Higher risk in low-income populationsDisproportionate burden on minority groups

89
Q

What are the prevention measures for lead exposure?

A

Screening programs for childrenRemoval of lead-based paintPublic awareness campaigns

90
Q

What are the health risks associated with asbestos exposure?

A

Mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancerSecondary contamination affecting families

91
Q

Who is most affected by asbestos exposure?

A

Industrial workers, miners, construction workersCommunities near asbestos mines or factories

92
Q

What are the prevention measures for asbestos exposure?

A

Banning asbestos use in constructionSafe removal and disposal of asbestos

93
Q

What are the health risks associated with chlorine exposure?

A

Acute respiratory irritation, chemical burnsWater contamination from improper handling

94
Q

Who is at higher risk for chlorine exposure?

A

Industrial workers near chemical plantsCommunities with poor regulation

95
Q

What are the prevention measures for chlorine exposure?

A

Strict regulation of chlorine storageEmergency response plans for accidents

96
Q

What is the public health importance of carbon monoxide (CO)?

A

Leading cause of unintentional poisoning deathsCommon in poorly ventilated areas

97
Q

What are the health risks associated with carbon monoxide exposure?

A

Hypoxia, headache, dizziness, nauseaConfusion and death at high levels

98
Q

What are the long-term neurological effects in survivors of severe poisoning?

A

Potential cognitive impairments and memory issues.Increased risk of mental health disorders.

99
Q

What populations are most affected by carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Low-income households using outdated or unsafe heating appliances.Populations in areas with poor building ventilation.

100
Q

What are effective prevention and control measures for carbon monoxide risks?

A

Installation of CO detectors in homes and public buildings.Regular inspection and maintenance of heating appliances.

101
Q

What are the public health impacts of storms?

A

Cause injuries, deaths, and disruption to infrastructure.Lead to mental health impacts and loss of healthcare access.

102
Q

What are the direct health risks associated with storms?

A

Physical injuries, drowning, and fatalities from structural collapse.Increased strain on emergency services during disasters.

103
Q

How do storms impact health inequalities?

A

Vulnerable groups include those in poorly built housing.Areas prone to flooding are disproportionately affected.

104
Q

What control measures can be implemented for storm-related health risks?

A

Early warning systems and disaster preparedness plans.Strengthening infrastructure and evacuation plans.

105
Q

What are the public health concerns during heat waves?

A

Increase in heat-related illnesses and deaths.Particularly affects vulnerable populations like the elderly.

106
Q

What are the direct health risks of heat waves?

A

Heatstroke, dehydration, and cardiovascular strain.Increased hospital admissions for heat-related conditions.

107
Q

How do heat waves affect health inequalities?

A

Affects the elderly, chronically ill, and those without cooling systems.Low-income communities may lack access to resources.

108
Q

What control measures can help mitigate heat wave impacts?

A

Heatwave action plans and cooling centers.Public education campaigns about heat safety.

109
Q

What are the public health implications of cold weather?

A

Linked to hypothermia, cardiovascular strain, and respiratory illnesses.Increased risk of illness among vulnerable populations.

110
Q

What are the direct health risks associated with cold weather?

A

Hypothermia, frostbite, and increased cardiovascular mortality.Higher incidence of respiratory infections during winter.

111
Q

How does cold weather impact health inequalities?

A

Low-income households and the elderly are disproportionately affected.Increased fuel poverty impacts mental and physical health.

112
Q

What control measures can be taken to address cold weather health risks?

A

Winter fuel payment programs and insulation grants.Public health messaging about cold weather safety.

113
Q

What are the public health concerns associated with floods?

A

Associated with waterborne diseases, injuries, and long-term displacement.Contamination of water supplies and disruption to services.

114
Q

What are the direct health risks of floods?

A

Drowning, injuries, and infections from contaminated water.Increased risk of mental health issues post-disaster.

115
Q

How do floods impact health inequalities?

A

Disproportionately affects low-income communities in flood-prone areas.Limited resources for recovery and rebuilding.

116
Q

What control measures can be implemented to mitigate flood risks?

A

Flood defenses and zoning regulations.Emergency response plans and community preparedness training.

117
Q

What are the public health implications of radiation exposure?

A

Linked to cancer risks, particularly lung cancer from radon exposure.Increased anxiety and stigma associated with radiation exposure.

118
Q

What are the direct health risks associated with radiation exposure?

A

Increased cancer risk from ionizing radiation.Potential long-term health effects from occupational exposure.

119
Q

How does radiation exposure impact health inequalities?

A

Higher radon exposure in poorly ventilated homes.Certain geological areas have higher risks of exposure.

120
Q

What control measures can be taken to address radiation risks?

A

Radon testing and mitigation programs.Regulatory limits on occupational exposure and waste disposal.

121
Q

What is the public health importance of climate change?

A

A global health emergency exacerbating existing health inequalities.Directly linked to heat-related illnesses and extreme weather injuries.

122
Q

What are the direct health risks associated with climate change?

A

Heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and injuries from extreme weather.Increased respiratory issues due to air quality deterioration.

123
Q

How does climate change impact health inequalities?

A

Vulnerable populations include low-income communities and indigenous peoples.Those in low-lying coastal areas face greater risks of displacement.

124
Q

What control measures can be implemented to address climate change health risks?

A

Mitigation strategies like reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Adaptation plans for resilient infrastructure and early warning systems.

CC DFPH (6 decks)

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