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Immunology block 7 > Infectious Diseases And Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases And Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in developing countries

A

Lower respiratory infection
Diarrheal diseases
HIV/AIDS, TB

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2
Q

What is the leading cause of death in developed countries

A

CHD

LRI

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3
Q

What are some of the leading causes of blindness

A

Trachoma

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4
Q

What is trachoma

A

The #1 infectious disease related to the cause of blindess. Due to chlamydia infection
Chlamydia strains A-C

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5
Q

What is colonization

A

Presence of microbe on or in body

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6
Q

What is infection

A

When organism harmfully invades

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7
Q

What is an infectious disease agent

A

Microbe that replicates wither independently or with the host AND is capable of provoking an adverse response in the host

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8
Q

What is disease without colonization

A

Ingestion of pre-formed toxins
Non-responsive to Ab
Treatment may include anti-toxin therapy

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9
Q

What are some examples of microbes

A

Viruses, prions, bacteria, fungi, protists

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10
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Pathogen present in diseased animal
  2. Pathogen isolate from diseased animal and grown in pure culture
  3. Inoculation of healthy animal with isolated pathogen causes disease
  4. Isolated pathogen from second animal is same as original isolate
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11
Q

What are some exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A

Not ethical to do on humans

Also some species of microbes are difficult to culture

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12
Q

What are som sterile body sites

A

Blood, CSF, pleural/peritoneal/synovial fluid, tissues, lower respiratory tract, bladder

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13
Q

What are some non-sterile body sites

A

Aye/mouth/nose/upper respiratory system
Skin
GI
Urethra

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14
Q

What is culture based diagnosis

A

You obtain the right specimen

  • microscopy
  • culture
  • identify
  • Ab testing
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15
Q

What is non-culture based diagnosis

A

Clinical signs/symptoms compatible with infectious process

  • detect pathogen Ab in serum
  • detect Ag/nucleis acids in specimen
  • general/non-specific tests
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16
Q

What is KOH prep used for

A

Fungi

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17
Q

What is calcoflour white prep used for

A

Fluorescent stain for fungi

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18
Q

What is Gram stain used for

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

What is acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun) prep used for

A

Mycobacterium/TB

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20
Q

What is Wright-Giemsa stain used for

A

Blood smears for WBC, epithelial inclusion bodies, protozoans

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21
Q

What is immunofluroescence used for

A

Intracellular organisms

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22
Q

How does KOH stain work

A

KOH dissolves keratin but NOT chitin/cellulose

Dissolves tissue but not fungi cell walls

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23
Q

How does Calcoflour White work?

A

KOH+CWF: dissolves tissue and binds to chitin in fungal

Fungi appear white

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24
Q

What is the Gram stain order

A
  1. Smear and heat fix
  2. Crystal violet
  3. Iodine
  4. Alcohol
  5. Safranin

Wash with water between each stage

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25
Q

Gram + cells appear this color in a gram stain

A

Purple

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26
Q

Gram - cells appear this color

A

Red/pink

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27
Q

What is the most common stain used in microbiology

A

Gram stain

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28
Q

All cocci are gram negative except what 2 species

A

Neisseria

Moraxella

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29
Q

What gram stain are the majority of pathogens

A

Gram negative

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30
Q

What do cocci bacteria look like

A

Balls

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31
Q

What are some of the arrangements of cocci bacteria

A

Diplo (pairs)
Strepto (chains)
Staphylo (clusters)

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32
Q

What shape are bacilli microbes

A

Rods

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33
Q

What are the three forms of spiral microbes

A

Vibrio (comma)
Spirochetes (thin walled no flagella helical)
Spirilla (thick walled helix with flagella)

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34
Q

What is the order of the Ziegler Neelson (acid fast) stain

A
  1. Smear and heat fix
  2. Carbolfuschin
  3. Alcohol
  4. Methylene blue
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35
Q

Acid fast cells show up this color

A

Red

36
Q

Non-acid fast cells show up this color

A

Blue

37
Q

What is the primary microbe tested for using Acid fast stain

A

TB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

38
Q

the Wright-Giemsa stain shows these structures in Chlamydia

A

Inclusion bodies

39
Q

What is acanthamoeba?

A

A microbe that is caused by over wear of contact lenses

40
Q

How does immunofluorescence stains work

A

Fluorescently labeled monoclonal Ab tag infected cells

41
Q

What is the gold standard of microbiology

A

Culture and sensitivity testing

42
Q

Positive cultures are generally more meaningful than negative cultures

A

Caveat: Negative may be false negative, positive may be contaminant

43
Q

What is agar?

A

A growth media used to culture microbes

44
Q

What is general agar used for

A

Supports a broad range of bacteria

45
Q

What is enriched agar used for

A

For finnicky bacteria (has extra growth nutrients)

46
Q

What is selective agar used for

A

Growing a certain bacteria and preventing the growth of others

47
Q

What is differential agar used for

A

Visual clues to identification

48
Q

What kinds of Agars can bacteria be grown on

A 
Blood
Chocolate
Thayer-Martin
MacConkey
Mannitol Salt
49
Q

What agar is Acid fast grow on

A

Lowenstein Jensen’s agar

50
Q

What agar is fungi grown on

A

Sabouraud’s Dextrose

51
Q

Blood agar grows

A

Most bacteria

52
Q

Chocolate agar grows

A

Fastidious bacteria
Haemophilus
Influenza

53
Q

Thayer-Martin agar grows

A

Neisseria

54
Q

MacConkey agar grows

A

Gram negative rods

55
Q

Mannitol Salt agar grows

A

Staphylococci

56
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar grows

A

Mycobacterium, acid fast

57
Q

Sabouraud agar grows

A

Fungi

Low pH and gentamicin select

58
Q

Blood cultures look for

A

Sepsis, osteomyelitis, meninigitis, pneumonia

59
Q

Throat cultures look for

A

Strep throat

60
Q

Sputum cultures look for

A

Pneumonia, TB

61
Q

Spinal fluid cultures look for

A

Meningitis,

62
Q

When collecting blood cultures what should you clean the skin with

A

Betadine/chlorhexidine

63
Q

Throat cultures should be collected from these

A

Oropharynx and tonsils

64
Q

Wound cultures should be taken from this

A

Center of wound

65
Q

Sputum should be collected at this time

A

Early morning

66
Q

The conj has this pathogen infections

A

Chlamydia(trachoma)

67
Q

How do you collect eye reliated specimen (ex. Conjunctivitis)

A
  1. Clean skin around the eye with saline or sterile water
  2. Moisten soft tipped sampling tool with sterile saline
  3. Gently retract eyelid
  4. Apply sampling tool to area
68
Q

What are some stains/cultures that should be done to eye samplings

A 
Gram stain
 Giemsa
Blood agar
Chocolate agar
Sabouraud dextrose
69
Q

What do lymphs in eye samples indicate

A

Viral infection

70
Q

What do PMNs in eye culture suggest

A

Bacteria

71
Q

What do eosinophils in eye cultures indicate

A

Allergies

72
Q

What does sampling for keratitis require

A 
Extreme care
Anesthetic 
Sample collected with spatula, blade
Gram stain
Blood agar, chocolate agar, sabourauds agar
Making a C shape on the media
73
Q

What is endophthalmitis

A

In intraocular infection that is life threatening, usually due to surgery, trauma, severe bacterial keratitis

74
Q

How are samples for endophthalmitis collected

A

Syringe
Drop is smeared on slides for Gram and Giemsa
Cultures on blood,chocolate, sabourauds, and anaerobic media

75
Q

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration

A

Lowest drug level that inhibits bacterial replication

76
Q

What is minimal bactericide like concentration

A

Lowest drug level that kills bacteria

77
Q

MBC is always___MIC

A

Greater than or equal to

78
Q

MIC is always ____ MBC

A

Less than or equal to

79
Q

What does direct ELISA look for

A

Antigen

80
Q

What does indirect ELISA look for

A

Antibody

81
Q

What does sandwich ELISA look for

A

Antigen sandwiched between 2 Ab

82
Q

What are some rapid tests done

A

ELISA

Agglutination

83
Q

WHat are som molecular tests done in microbiology

A

rtPCR

84
Q

What is WBC count used for

A

to find infections
Neutrophils: bacteria
Lymphocytes: viral

85
Q

What are some body fluid tests done on

A

CSF, urine, synovial, peritoneal

Immunology block 7 (3 decks)

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