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Immunology block 7 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general structure of the bacteria

A

No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Single round chromosome
Cell wall

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2
Q

What s the function of the bacterial cell wall

A

Give shape and protect against osmotic lysis

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3
Q

What is the importance of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall in Gram +

A

Gram positive cells stain purple, because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer that also has teichoic acids

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4
Q

What is the purpose of peptidoglycan in gram - cell walls

A

They stay red

Very thin peptioglycan layer, that is surrounded by outer membrane

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5
Q

What is the function of capsules in bacteria

A

Trap nutrients
Aids in attachment
Immune system avoidance
Biofilm formation

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6
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

Repeating disaccharides with short amino acid chains that stead from them
Crosslinking is done by transpeptidase

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7
Q

What are the 2 disaccharide in peptidoglycan

A

NAG

NAM

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8
Q

What are the 2 layers of Gram + cells

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer

Inner cell membrane

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of Gram - cell

A

Outer membrane with LPS
Thin peptidoglycan layer
Inner cell membrane

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10
Q

How does lipid content vary in Gram +/- cells

A

Gram +: low lipid

Gram -: high lipid

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11
Q

What is the difference in endotoxins in Gram +/- cells

A

Gram +: no endotoxin

Gram -: endotoxin (LPS), lipid A

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12
Q

Gram + cels are ________ to lysozyme and penicillin attack

A

Vulnerable

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13
Q

Gram - are _______ to lysozyme and penicillin attack

A

Resistant

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14
Q

What is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Outer membrane of gram negative rods

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15
Q

What are the affects of endotoxin

A

Systemic inflammation
Fever
Possible fatal shock

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16
Q

What is bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

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17
Q

What is sepsis

A

Bacteremia plus life threatening organ dysfunction

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18
Q

What are three factors that help determine sepsis

A

Brain: altered mental status
Lungs: tachypnea
Cardio: low systolic BP

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19
Q

What is septic shock

A

Subset of sepsis with underlying circulatory and cellular abnormalities

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20
Q

What are flagella

A

Eukaryotic whip, that allows movement

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21
Q

What are pili

A

Short, straight projections

They allow for attachment and conjugation

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22
Q

What are some endospores

A

Gram + rods and bacilli

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23
Q

What is teh dormant stage of endospores

A

Neither grows nor reproduces

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24
Q

What is the importance of endospores

A

Heat, chemicals, radiation, desication

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25
Q

When does sporulation do endospores triggered

A

Unfavorable environment conditions

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26
Q

What is germination of endospores

A

Transformation from endospores to vegetative cell

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27
Q

What is nucleoid

A

Naked, circular molecule of DNA

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28
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Additional hereditary material

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29
Q

What is a ribosome

A

Synthesize proteins

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30
Q

Bacteria contain what ribosomes

A

70S

50S and 30S

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31
Q

What ribosomes do humans have

A

80S

60S and 40S

32
Q

Aerobes need

A

Oxygen

33
Q

Strict anaerobes are

A

MUST have oxygen

34
Q

What are microaerophiles

A

Need oxygen, but very little

35
Q

What are facultative anaerobes

A

Prefer oxygen but can live anaerobically

36
Q

What are anaerobes

A

Do not use oxygen

37
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A

Oxygen is a poison

38
Q

What are aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Can grow in oxygen

39
Q

What are capnophiles

A

Require decrease oxygen and increased CO2

40
Q

What are virulence factors

A

Microbial products that enhance ability to cause disease

41
Q

What are toxins

A

Alter normal function of host or host cells

42
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Proteins released by replicating microbes

43
Q

What are endotoxins

A

Non-protein released when gram negative organism dies, causes fever, inflammation, possible shock

44
Q

What are adhesion factors

A

Receptors and ligands/adhesins, some form slime layers

45
Q

What are evasion factors

A

Evade components of the immune system

46
Q

What are invasion factors

A

Facilitate penetrate of an atomic barriers and host tissue

47
Q

What do endotoxins induce

A

Release of proinflammatory cytokines

48
Q

What make/secrete exotoxins

A

Gram + and - bacteria

49
Q

What are neurotoxins

A

Cause paralysis (tetanus and botulinum)

50
Q

What are enterotoxins

A

Gut toxins that inhibit NaCl reabsorption, activate NaCl secretion, or kill epithelial cells, result in osmotic movement of fluid into the gut

Can be infectious or ingestion

51
Q

What are the 4 types of exotoxins

A

Neurotoxins
Enterotoxins
Pyrogenic exotoxins
Tissue invasive exotoxins

52
Q

What are pyogenic exotoxins

A

Stimulate proinflammatory cytokines release

53
Q

What are tissue invasive exotoxins

A

Destroy tissues

54
Q

Know lipopolysaccharide

A

Endotoxin
Gram - bacteria
Fever hypotension, shock

55
Q

What Protein G

A

Evasion
Sta. Aureus
Prevents phagocytosis

56
Q

What are some strategies of parasites

A
  • Elicit minimal response
  • evade effects of response
  • depress host’s response
  • antigenic change
  • rapid replication
  • survival in weakly responsive individuals
57
Q

Where can parasites be obtained from

A 
Air conditioning
Food
Ab in medicine
Immunosuppressive therapy
Altered sexual habits
Non-filtered water
Pets
Foreign travel
58
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis

A

Kids aren’t exposed to infectious agents in early childhood, increases autoimmune disorders, allergies, illness, etc.

59
Q

What is the density of normal flora in the human mouth

A

10^9 /cm^2

60
Q

What is the density of normal flora in teh human gut

A

10^10/cm^2

61
Q

Review the agars

A

From first lecture

62
Q

Blood agar alpha reaction shows

A

Incomplete RBC lysis

Green halo

63
Q

Blood agar beta reaction shows

A 
Complete RBC lysis
Clear zone (str. Pyogenes/Group A strep)
64
Q

Blood agar gamma reaction shows

A

No hemolysis

65
Q

Mannitol salt tests for

A

Staph

66
Q

In mannitol salt the agar turning yellow means

A

Positive for staph

67
Q

Purple agar in mannitol alt indicates what

A

Negative for staph

68
Q

MacConkeys agar looks fro

A

Gram neg rods

69
Q

In MacConkeys agar
Yellow:
Purple:

A

Y: negative
P: positive

70
Q

What is the #1 GNR that ferments lactose

A

E. Coli

71
Q

What are the Key Lactose Fermenters KEE

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae
E. Coli
Enterobacter cloacae

72
Q

What dose catalase differentiate

A

Staph from strep

73
Q

How does catalase test work

A

Catalyzes conversion of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water

74
Q

What indicates a positive catalase test

A

Bubbling

75
Q

What does coagulate test differentiate

A

Staph aureus and Coag Neg Staph

76
Q

What indicates a positive coagulate test

A

Clotting

77
Q

Know slide 37

A

Flow chart for diagnosis

Immunology block 7 (3 decks)

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