Infectious diseases Flashcards
List some benefits of microbes.
- Treat sewage
- Break down garbage
- Maintain Body weight
- Make food
- Inflammation process & Allergies
- Synthesize vitamins in Lower intestines
These can turn inorganic molecules into organic molecules
Microbes
What happens to the body when the natural balance of microbes is thrown out of balance?
Body’s defenses become overwhelmed/exhausted and the human host can experience negative effects like obesity, inflammation, allergy and infection
The natural evolution of a microbe operates on ____, rather than it’s ability to cause disease.
It’s ability to spread/replicate
In regards to microbes, Natural selection prefers:
Microbes that are more virulent
Microbes that are less/non-virulent
Microbes that are less/non-virulent as they tend to survive longer and spread easily
What is a virulent microbe?
A microbe that causes severe disease
What is the difference between a pandemic and an epidemic?
Epidemic - disease that affects a large number of people at the same time (Obesity).
Pandemic - Disease that affects large geographic regions and have potential to spread worldwide (SARS, EBOLA)
What is the origin/reservoir of AIDS and is it transmitted?
Chimpanzee is the origin of the disease and it is spread via sexual activity, drug addiction, blood products
What is the origin/reservoir of SARS and how is it transmitted?
Bats are the origin, and it is spread through the consumption of contaminated foods, airborne.
How is WNV transmitted and where is its origin?
Its origin is wild birds, transmitted via mosquitos who have bitten these birds and transmitted it to humans. (Tires in Africa [water reservoir]).
This disease is transmitted through poultry farms and originated from wild aquatic birds.
Influenza
This disease originated in wild rodents in africa and is typically transmitted by pet stores of these rodents.
Monkey Pox
WHat is Bioterrorism?
Intentional release of bacteria, viruses or toxins for the purpose of harming others
What are the 3 ways Anthrax can harm others? Which is most life threatening?
- Cutaneous
- Gastrointestinal
- Inhalation
Inhalation is most serious, followed by gastrointestinal
This highly virulent virus can only affect humans who at 90% asymptomatic
Smallpox
This helps bacteria move from one place to another by rotating it’s tail-like appendage
Flagellum
How does a flagellum aid in chemotaxis?
it helps the cell move away from harmful substances (phototaxis “light”)
What are axial filaments?
Similar to flagella but are alongside the cell and move in a snake-like movement
These are sticky projections of the cell that help them stick to one another, or other substances like a host.
Fimbria
These long hollow tubules join two cells together and mediate the transfer of DNA. A/ Flagella B/ Pili C/ Axial Filaments D/ Sjäkstrom Device
B/ Pili
What is the function of the Capsule/slime layer of bacterial cells?
- Mediate adherence to other cells and surfaces
- Protect the cell
- Carbohydrate reserves
Which type of Gram + bacterial cell has it’s walls made up of many layers of peptidoglycan?
Gram +
What are some conditions that are favourable for opportunistic pathogens?
Introduction or normal microbiota to unusual sites in the body.
Immunosuppression
Changes in normal Microbiota
What is the incubation period of infectious disease?
Infection has occurred, but patient has Ø symptoms or signs of infection
What is the Prodromal Period of infectious disease?
A short period in which the patient feels minor symptoms that are not indicative of specific pathogenic infection
i.e. Malaise, Muscle aches
Define Contact transmission and it’s 3 subtypes.
Contact transmission is the direct spread of pathogens from one host to another.
Direct contact - person-to-person touching
Indirect Contact - From person to object to person (Door handle, money, toys)
Droplet - Spread of pathogens from exhalation, sneezing, coughing, etc.
What is vehicular transmission of pathogens? Provide an example.
The spread of pathogens from sources outside the body.
Examples: Air, Water, Food, etc.
What is a vector?
An animal that transmits disease
The most frequent portal of entry is the: A/ Skin B/ Respiratory Tract C/ Cut/wound D/ The conjunctiva
B/ Respiratory tract
Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?
A/ Opportunistic pathogens and a weakened host?
B/ Pathogens lacking the kinase enzyme
C/ Pathogens lacking the collagenase enzyme
D/ High virulent organisms
D/ Highly virulent organisms
The nature of bacterial capsules ____.
A/ causes widespread blood clotting
B/ Allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria
C/ Affects the virulence of these bacteria
D/ Has Ø effect on virulence
C/ Affects the bacterial virulence
An animal infected with a virus is bitten by a mosquito, who is now infected with the virus. The infected mosquito bites and infects a human. Who is the Vector in this scenario? A/ Virus B/ Animal C/ Human D/ Mosquito
D/ Mosquito - it carried and transported the virus. From donor to recipient
