FULL BLOWN AIDS & INFLUENZA!!!

Question 1

What are some typical symptoms of Influenza?

Answer 1

Fever
Aches
Malaise
Sore Throat
Cough
Rhinitis

Question 2

What is the main reason people die from influenza?

Answer 2

They’re old/young/immunocompromised

Caused by secondary infections (Pneumonia, etc)

Question 3

During the 1918 Spanish flu, what was the cause of so many deaths?

Answer 3

Cytokine storm - Overactive immune system that damaged organ systems

Question 4

The influenza virus has which kind of genome?
A/ +ssRNA
B/ -ssRNA
C/ +ssRNA Retrovirus
D/ dsDNA

Answer 4

B/ -ssRNA

Question 5

Differentiate between influenza A/B/C in their symptoms and ability to cause an epidemic.

Answer 5

Influenza A - Typically respiratory symptoms, fever, malaise, fatigue. Can Cause Epidemic

Influenza B - Typically respiratory symptoms, fever, malaise, fatigue. Can Cause Epidemic

Influenza C - Non-typical respiratory symptoms that are less severe (Common cold). Cannot cause an epidemic.

Question 6

Which type of influenza does NOT have a vaccine?

Answer 6

Influenza C

Question 7

Which type of influenza is most likely to have a genetic drift? and is the only one to have a genetic shift?

Answer 7

Influenza A

Question 8

What are the animals which can be infected with each type of influenza?

Answer 8

A - Birds, Pigs, Horses, Dogs

B - None

C - Pigs, Dogs

Question 9

What is an antigenic Drift?

Answer 9

HA and NA gene mutations within a single virus in a single geographical area.

Question 10

What is an antigenic Shift?

Answer 10

Re-assortment of genes among influenza virus. Only affects Influenza A, and involves the mutation of HA or NA molecules.Can lead to pandemics

Question 11

Which is more severe, H1N1 or H5N1?

Answer 11

H1N1 - virus that is transmitted from birds and can be passed by a multitude of species.

H5N1 - is the bird flu and can only be passed by birds to humans. Low infection rate but high mortality rate.

Question 12

What does Neuraminidase (NA) do?

Answer 12

Its an enzyme on the outside of virions that detaches the virion from the cell after replication. Does this by slicing the sialic acid bond made between HA and sialic acid of host cell.

Question 13

What does Hemaglutinin (HA) do?

Answer 13

Binds with Sialic acid strands on host cell to create a bond between virion and cell.

Question 14

How many segments of -ssRNA molecules are within a single flu virus?

Answer 14

8

Question 15

Influenza A virus can only experience this type of change.

Answer 15

Antigenic Shift

Question 16

What is oseltamivir and what does it do?

Answer 16

Tamiflu tablets. Used to treat influenza by inhibiting neuraminidase (NA); a protein that allows to virus to leave the infected cell in influenza A and B types. Stopping the action of NA, prevents the virus from leaving the cell and infecting surrounding cells.

Question 17

WHat is the Action of glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and gp41 in HIV?

Answer 17

gp120 attaches to the receptor sites of CD4 (Helper T cells) and fusin receptor sites which initiate endocytosis (engulfment of virus).

gp41 facilitates the fusion of the enveloped virus into the cytoplasm of the cell, releasing the virus into the cytoplasm.

Question 18

What happens to the newly created dsDNA HIV strands in the cytoplasm of CD4 cells?

Answer 18

A carrier molecule called integrase integrates the dsDNA molecule into host chromosome where it will permanently remain in the host.

Question 19

Explain the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS.

Answer 19

Infection occurs with a burst of new virion production within the body. Signs may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea and malaise.
Immune system responds by making antibodies and viral count plummets. No specific symptoms accompany this stage and people are typically unaware of infection.

Virus continues to replicate and eventually overwhelm system which cannot make enough helper T cells, which over 5-10 years the number significantly drops while HIV production climbs -> eventual death.

As HIV rises, Helper T cell and antibody production declines.

Question 20

What is Antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

Answer 20

combination of strong antiviral drugs that combat the progression of HIV/AIDS