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Patho 2 > infectious diseases- 26 > Flashcards

infectious diseases- 26 Flashcards

1
Q

saprophytes

A

microorganisms, especially certain bacteria, specialize in biodegrading dead animals or other organic material

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2
Q

indigenous flora

A

microorganisms, mostly bacteria, live on the skin and in the alimentary tract of humans and animals without producing ill effects and sometimes are helpful.

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3
Q

pathogens

A

microorganisms produce disease when they elaborate a toxin or gain entrance to a host tissue

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4
Q

virulence

A

the degree to which a pathogen elicits a response from the organism it is invading

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5
Q

infection

A

any disease directly caused by pathogens

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6
Q

vector

A

route of spread

another organism such as an insect that transports the pathogen to the host

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7
Q

carrier

A

host can carry and transfer the disease to another host without overt signs of infection

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8
Q

defense mechanisms between host and environment

A

Innate immune system:

  • structural barriers
  • inflammatory response

Acquired immune system:

  • humoral system
  • cellular immune system

1: mechanical barriers
2: inflammation
3: immune reactions

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9
Q

Innate immune system

A

1: structural barriers: skin and mucous membranes of the GI and lungs

2: inflammatory response:
- destroyed by phagocytes

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10
Q

Acquired immune system

A

previous or prolonged exposure to the offending agent and operates by enhancing the effectiveness of the inflammatory process.

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11
Q

humoral system

A

antibodies in the blood

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12
Q

cellular immune system

A

reaction is mediated by lymphocytes

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13
Q

immunization

A

primes the body to recognize particular foreign antigens and immediately produce antibodies to them

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14
Q

most frequent viral infections

A 
respiratory illnesses (50%)
other infections (10%)
pneumonia-common cause of death
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15
Q

opportunistic infections

A

caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, or parasites that do not normally cause infection in humans but that can colonize and infect immunocompromised people.
ex: cancer, AIDS

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16
Q

80% of infections

A

respiratory infections:

  • upper resp infections
  • influenze like infections
  • pneumonia
  • bronchitis
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17
Q

most common bacterial infections

A
  • secondary infections: abscesses, pneumonia and wound infections
  • STDs
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18
Q

predisposing factor for secondary infection

A

presence of dead tissue =growth medium for bacteria and lacks a blood supply to bring in phagocytes and antibodies

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19
Q

predisposing factor for secondary bacterial infection

A

=obstruction of a body passage

urinary tract, nasal, ears

(obstruction allows normal flora to proliferate to concentrations at which they become pathogenic

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20
Q

STDs

A
  • gonorrhea- far more frequent
  • syphilis-far more serious
  • papilloma
  • herpes
  • chlamydia
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21
Q

viral infections

A
  • viral gastroenteritis-less common, epidemics
  • cold sores- common recurrent, 50% of population
  • infectious mononucleosis
  • viral hepatitis
  • viral encephalitis
  • HIV/AIDS-lethal
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22
Q

Rickettsial infections

A

rare but serious disseminated infections caused by bacteria that grow only within the cells of the host

  • rocky mountain spotted fever
  • typhus
  • ehrlichiosis
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23
Q

fungal infections

A

athletes foot
ringworm
mucocutaneous candidiasis
P.jurovecii- fungus causing pneumonia

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24
Q

protozoal infections

A
  • malaria-caused by small protozoan that invades and destroys RBC
  • trichomonas vaginalis
  • giardiasis=intestinal protozoan infection acquired by drinking contaminated water. results in watery diarrhea and wt loss
  • cryptosporidium- similar to above
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25
Q

helminth infections

A

-schistosomiasis-produces chronic liver disease and urinary bladder cancer in endemic areas

many types infest the intestinal tract. more common in animals

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26
Q

common symptoms

A
  • rapid onset of muscle aches
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • rapid pulse
  • feeling of tiredness and ill health
  • malaise

physical exam of lesions may be sufficient for dx: measles, chickenpox, etc
*most exhibit cardinal signs of inflammation

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27
Q

diagnosis

A
  • culture (bacterial and fungal)- from throat, urine, sputum, purulent lesions
  • nucleic acid sequencing
  • molecular testing
  • microscopic exam- helminths & protozoa
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28
Q

septicemia

A

generalized infection involving the blood, and meningitis (spinal fluid)

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29
Q

coccal

A

round

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30
Q

bacillary

A

elongated

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31
Q

serologic tests

A

tests for antibodies in the pts serum
diagnosis of syphilis, systemic fungal disease, several bacterial diseases, viral, rickettsial and some parasitic diseases

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32
Q

fever

A

occurs with many bacterial, viral and rickettsial infections

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33
Q

exotoxins

A

proteinaceous poisons, virulent bacteria

  • some kill cells directly
  • others block nerve impulses or inhibit vital intracellular processes
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34
Q

pyogenic bacteria

A

elicit a neutrophilic inflammatory response with purulent exudate
tissue damage is then caused more by the pt’s own inflammatory and immune responses than by the direct action of the bacteria

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35
Q

pyogenic bacterial infections

A
  • staphylococcal infection
  • group A streptococcal infections
  • group B
  • viridans streptococcus infection
  • streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
  • meningococcal meningitis
  • haemophilus influenae infection
  • legionellosis
  • nonfastidious gram-negative rods
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36
Q

staphylococcal infections

A

most virulent=staphylococcus aureus
-can enter body by any route and infect any organ, causes abscesses (under the skin=furuncles; collection=carbuncle)

-many strains develop resistance to penicillin, and other antibiotics causing pneumonia and septicemia

37
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A

strain of S aureus that produced a powerful exotoxin that was absorbed through the vaginal wall resulting in shock

38
Q

group A streptococcal infections

A

most virulent bc they possess enzymes that allow them to spread rapidly through tissues via lymphatic vessels

most common- acute pharyngitis (Strep through)

  • scarlet fever-blood vessels produce scarlet rash
  • impetigo-superficial skin infection
  • cellulitis-infection of soft tissue
  • necrotizing fasciitis-infection of subcut. tissue/facia around muscles that causes rapid tissue destruction

-antibiotic tx and early surgical debridement

39
Q

group B streptococcal infections

A

part of the indigenous flora of the rectum and vagina and less commonly the throat

  • can infect the fetus in utero or birth
  • cause pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis in the baby
  • prevention: women are screened for rectal and vaginal colonization in 3rd trimester
  • if positive: treated with antibiotics when labor begins

can also cause skin infections and sepsis-older adults

40
Q

viridans streptococcus infection

A

part of indigenous flora of the mouth- most common cause of dental caries

  • gets in bloodstream- can infect damaged heart valves and slowly destroy them- CHF
  • can also cause necrotizing fasciitis
41
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)

A

member of the indigenous nasopharyngeal flora- most common cause of pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and rarely other local infections

  • highly susceptible to penicillin and related antibiotics
  • marked increase in infections of antibiotic-resistant strains
42
Q

meningococcal meningitis

A

neisseria meningitidis- small gram-negative intracellular diplococcus, causes endemic and epidemic meningitis, esp in children and young adults

  • transmitted via oral route
  • disease usually starts with pharyngitis, fever and stiff neck
43
Q

haemophilus inflenzae infection

A

used to be the major cause of bacterial meningitis and pneumonia in children but has become rare since vaccine got better.
-common cause of otitis media and sinusitis

44
Q

legionellosis

A

gram-negative bacterium that lives in water reservoirs and cooling units but requires special media for culture.

  • lesions mainly confined to the lung when large numbers of organisms are inhaled.
  • most common in summer
  • tx w/ antibiotics
45
Q

nonfastidious gram-negative rods

A

enteric bacteria- indigenous inhabitants of the intestinal tract of humans

  • typically cause abscesses
  • pts often lapse into severe shock elicited by endotoxin in the bacterial cell wall. endotoxic shock (gram negative shock)=30-50% mortality rate
46
Q

anaerobic bacterial infections

A

=bacteria grows in environments in which there is no to little oxygen
-distinctive by foul odor but otherwise seem similar to bacterial infections

47
Q

sexually transmitted bacterial infections

A

gonorrhea
chlamydia
syphilis

48
Q

gonorrhea

A

“the clap” “the drip”
outnumbers syphillis 30 to 1

men: dysuria, purulent urethral discharge (3-5 days after),
women: less symptomatic; dysuria, irregular menstruation, off cycle menstrual bleeding or bleeding with sex, continuation of purulent infection with abscess formation

dx: gram-stained smear-males; culture, nucleic acid amplification

49
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

purulent gonococcal infection of upper female genital tract

also caused by chlamydial and mixed anaerobic bacteria

50
Q

disseminated gonococcal infection

A

septicemia, arthritis and endocarditis

women more than men

51
Q

chlamydia

A

predominant cause of nongonococcal urethritis in females

  • can result in sterility or ectopic pregnancy
  • may infect infant during birth causing conjunctivitis or pneumonitis
52
Q

syphilis

A

“great pox”

  • produces chronic sequelae in the form of slow or unrelenting destruction of many organ systems- heart, aorta, soft tissue,, bones and nervous system.
  • lower incidence, more serious
  • transmitted only during first 2 stages of disease (1 year)
  • incubation -3 weeks - allows therapy to be initiated before the pt can spread it
  • can be spread to baby even after not contagious sexually
53
Q

stages of syphilis

A

Primary syphilis: ulcerated lesion= chancre appears where spirochete entered the body. usually develops on or about the genitalia but not limited to. painless, shallow ulcer-mistaken for herpes.

Secondary: painless, prominent rash. serologic tests at their highest. lesions are less infective. if not treated, organisms withdraw into the body for the last time, selecting sites within the host to remain in a dormant state.

  • primary and secondary may be mild or unrecognized
    tertiary: “the great mimicker” can involve any organ system. cardiovascular disease and aortic aneurysm more common. CNS disease. lesions are a vasculitis. may be 3-25 years after primary.
54
Q

clostridia

A

produce exotoxins
found in soil , anaerobic
can grow silently in necrotic tissue in deep wounds
stimulate nerve-muscle junctions causing painful contractions of muscles=tetanus

prevention by debridement

55
Q

whooping cough

A

attacks ciliated epithelial cells lining the respiratory passages
-characteristic inspiratory “whoop”

56
Q

mycoplasma disease

A

bacteria that do not possess rigid cell walls
primary atypical pneumona- may smolder for many months with low grade symptoms (cough, SOB, fatigue)
“walking pneumonia”

57
Q

lyme disease

A

caused by infection with a spirochete by a variety of small deer tick adults or larvae.

site of tick bite may look like “bull’s eye”
accompanied by fever and lymphadenopathy

second stage- spreads throughout body. skin lesions, ms pain, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, meningitis and severe lethargy

stage 3: 2-3 yrs after. severe arthritis and milked to severe encephalitis

chronic fatigue syndrome

58
Q

plague

A

endemic in wild animals
rare in US
organism i capable of rapidly spreading throughout the body, causing extensive necrosis and hemorrhage

59
Q

tularemia

A

uncommon. wild animal reservoir

can cause pneumonia

60
Q

brucellosis

A

chronic systemic disease
“undulant fever” -waxing and waning of febrile episodes in the pt
bacteria harbored in farm animals. acquired by ingestion of infected meat, unpasteurized dairy product or by contact iwth animal.

61
Q

leprosy (hansen disease)

A

tuberculosis-like organism

invades skin and peripheral nerves causing palpable lumps of granulomatous inflammation over the nerves

62
Q

chlamydial infections

A 
obligate intracellular parasites- lack ability to survive in the absence of a host
#1 STD
63
Q

viral infections

A

particles of genetic material (DNA or RNA) coated in protein, that can only replicate inside host cells- intracellular parasites

  • can’t reproduce themselves but induce the host’s cells to produce the RNA and protein necessary for replication.
  • known to cause certain neoplasms

-don’t respond to antibiotic therapy. need rest, hydration and alleviation of fever

64
Q

commensals

A

live a long time in host cells without doing harm

65
Q

interferon

A

protein produced by the body’s cells to prevent viral replication

66
Q

childhood viral diseases

A

measures, rubella, varicella, mumps

affect children who haven’t been immunized and adults who have never had them

once infected, antibodies usually confer lifetime immunity.

dx: clinical picture, serologic tests

67
Q

measles (rubeola)

A

small RNA virus transmitted by droplet infection through mouth and nose. highly infectious

10 day incubation
begins with conjunctivitis and photophobia (light sensitivity)
rash- small red dots over face ears-spreads to trunk and extremities.
-accompanied by cough and fever and maybe severe pneumonia

68
Q

rubella

A

small RNA virus transmitted via respiratory route and causes very mild light rash, low grade fever and lymphadenopathy

*teratogenic and can cause congenital heart defects when acquired by mother in first trimester

69
Q

varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles)

A

DNA virus through respiratory tract.
incubation of 3 weeks.
chickenpox starts with malaise and fever followed by rash composed of large red bumps that develop blisters and later form a crust.

tx: rest and prevention of secondary bacterial infections.

after attack virus remains dormant in nerve ganglia. can become activated in adults poducing zoster or shingle.- spreads across spinal nerve causing painful eruption in the area of skin supplied by that nerve.

in immunocompromised pts-severe generalized infection

70
Q

mumps

A

RNA virus acquired by respiratory route infects salivary glands and sometimes ovaries, testes and pancreas.

2-3 incubation period
malaise and fever followed by painful swelling of parotid glands.

71
Q

smallpox (variola)

A

considered to be eliminated from the world
epidemics once devastated populations
rash that when heals leaves deep, pitted scars- focal necrotizing lesions in organs (lungs and intestinal tract-death in 10-20%)

72
Q

postviral encephalitis

A

production of T lymphocytes or antibodies against the virus that cross react with brain antigens

73
Q

influenza (flu)

A

human viral pathogen causes respiratory disease in epidemics during winter months.

symptoms: head cold with malaise to high fever with severe muscular aches and pains and pneumonia.

yearly vaccination

74
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

“mono”
epstein-barr virus-human herpes virus
affects teens and young adults
starts with sore throat and extreme tiredness
-some get significant hepatitis
-some get over it in a few weeks, others are ill for many months with fatigue and physical exertion exacerbates symptoms
-the older the pt the more devastating the disease
-cause of chronic fatigue syndrome

75
Q

herpes simplex infections

A

DNA virus
type 1 causes mostly oral and skin lesions and transmitted by direct contact

type 2 causes mostly genital lesions and transmitted by sex.

after initial infection, virus lies dormant in nerves until episode of stress

tx: acyclovir

76
Q

human papillomavirus infection

A

proliferative lesions of squamous epithelium including common skin warts, plantar warts, venereal warts, laryngeal polyps, premalignant dysplasias and carcinomas of the cervix, vulva and larynx

77
Q

human immunodeficiency virus infection

A

HIV. cause of AIDS= recurrent opportunistic infections
HIV must be present for weeks before diagnosed
2-8 years before AIDS manifests
generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, decreased CD4+ T lymphocytes

deficiency of the immune system particularly the cellular immune system. cells attach to CD4 receptor- gradual destruction of T lymphocytes over the years.

dx: Western blot
CD4 helper T cell count (400 abnormal)

no tx but prolong latent period: HIV protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors

78
Q

rickettsial infections

A

small bacteria, obligate intracellular organisms
-preferably attack endothelial cells of blood vessels

typhus=rickettsia transmitted to human by the body louse
rocky mountain spotted fever- organism transmitted by tick.

most cause skin rash- result of small blood vessel involvement in skin and ensue hemorrhages

79
Q

fungal infections

A

some fungi prefer to invade tissues in the yeast (bud)phase, others proliferate as hyphae (stems) in the body

classified by systemic and cutaneous forms

80
Q

mycosis or mycotic infection

A

infection by a fungus

81
Q

histoplasmosis

A

systemic fungal infection from bird droppings

82
Q

coccidioidomycosis

A

systemic fungal infection harbored in soil

83
Q

blastomycosis

A

systemic fungal infection causes destructive lung disease with chronic skin ulcers

84
Q

cryptococcosis

A

systemic fungal infection in pigeon poop

causes chronic meningitis

85
Q

opportunistic systemic fungal infections

A

elicit acute inflammatory response rather than a granulomatous one

86
Q

cutaneous fungal infections

A

produce bothersome skin lesions that are not a serious threat to the pt.

-tineas- cause athletes foot, ringworm

87
Q

protozoal diseases

A

unicellular organisms contain complex intracelluar structures
-alternate between proliferative (trophzoites) and dormant (cysts) forms

malaria

88
Q

malaria

A

4 types: all transmitted by mosquitoes
infected bite releases SPOROQOITES into the blood which rapidly invades haptic cells and multiply.

dx: blood smears

89
Q

heminthic infections

A

primitive roundworms and flatworms proliferate in the GI tract.

pinworm infestation-anal itching

trichinosis-ingestion of uncooked meat-severe ms pain, fever, eosinophilia in blood, sometimes death

tapeworm disease: ingestion of poorly cooked meat or fish. abdominal pain and diarrhea

Patho 2 (10 decks)

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