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Patho 2 > immunologic diseases- 27 > Flashcards

immunologic diseases- 27 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

resistance to or protection from an individual’s environment

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2
Q

innate immunity

A

skin and inflammatory response

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3
Q

adaptive immune system

A

internal chemical system whose purpose is to enhance specific reactivity to materials that are foreign to the body

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4
Q

antigen

A

material recognized as foreign by the immune system

produced within the cytoplasm of plasma cells
classified as complete or incomplete

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5
Q

epitope

A

site on the antigen to which an antibody binds to

1 antigen can have several epitopes

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6
Q

complete antigens

A

both induce immune responses and react with the antibodies produced by the immune response

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7
Q

incomplete antigens

A

“haptens”

can react with antibodies but cannot induce an immune response unless chemically coupled to another antigen

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8
Q

immunoglobilins

A

antibodies produced by plasma cells that are released into the blood where they circulate freely as part of the gamma globulin fraction of serum proteins

5 types: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE

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9
Q

B lymphocytes

A

the lymphocytes that are capable of developing into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins
B cells

originate from lymphoid tissue of the GI tract and bone marrow

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10
Q

T lymphocyte

A

production is programmed by the thymus

T helper cells
T suppressor cells
Cytotoxic T cells
NK cells

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11
Q

T helper cells

A

physically deliver info about antigens to B cells to aid in the production of antibodies

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12
Q

T suppressor cells

A

suppress other T cells to down regulate the immune response and suppress B cells to prevent the production of excess antibody; they also prevent the production of antibodies to the body’s own tissues

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13
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

can directly kill other cells that process foreign or altered antigens, such as neoplastic cells or cells infected with viruses

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14
Q

natural killer cells (NK)

A

class of lymphocytes
destory other cells in the absence of any known antigenic stimulation, possibly by reacting with glycoproteins on the target cells’ surface
IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE

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15
Q

antigen presenting cells (APC)

A

break down antigens (process) and present to T cells by macrophages, dendritic cells or other specialized cells collectively.

the antigen is cradled on the APC surface by special MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules

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16
Q

secondary response

A

subsequent encounters with the same antigen are associated with a more rapid production of antibodies

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17
Q

memory cells

A

certain lymphocytes

long lived and programmed to proliferate rapidly after a second encounter with that antigen

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18
Q

IgG

A

most abundant immunoglobin
can combine with antigens such as bacterial exotoxins to neutralize their activity or it can adhere to antigen on the surface of larger foreign materials to promote their phagocytosis by leukocytes- process called OPSONIZATION

*important for infants-immature immune system

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19
Q

complement

A

group f special serum proteins that often take part in antigen-antibody reactions

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20
Q

IgM

A

antibodies noted for their large size, (5x IgG)
don’t readily pass into tissues or across placenta
-develop more quickly following antigenic stimulation, and are important for controlling bacteria that enter the bloodstream and in clumping of large foreign substances such as incompatible RBCs
-may also activate complement

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21
Q

IgA

A

secreted into body fluids- tears, milk, saliva, bronchi, and intestinal tract where it may interact with antigens before they can enter the body’s tissues

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22
Q

IgE

A

acts very specifically

  • becomes attached to basophils in the bloodstrem and mast cells in tissues
  • when reacts with antigen on the surface of basophils or mast cells, the cells release vasoactive substances such as histamine.
  • often associated with increased numbers of eosinophils in tissue and blood- bc antigens binding IgE release chemotaxins for eosinophils
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23
Q

IgD

A

serves as an antigen receptor on the surface of mature B cells (along with IgM)

24
Q

classifications of immunologic diseases

A

1: immune deficiency diseases: too little response to foreign agents

2: allergy or hypersensitivity reactions: too much response to antigens
(hypersensitivity=autoimmune- attacks own components)

25
Q

immune deficiency diseases

A

1: inherited and acquired forms
2: deficiencies of the T cell and B cell immune systems

  • or both
26
Q

allergy (hypersensitivity)

A

4 types divided on the basis of mechanisms

27
Q

urticaria

A

hives

type 1 allergy

28
Q

type 1 allergy

A

Type 1: anaphylactic-atopic allergy
-reactions mediated by IgE antibody and involves release of vasoactive chemicals from tissue mast cells of blood basophilic leukocytes. reaction occurs in minutes. similar to initial stage of acute inflammatory reaction

ex: urticaria, hay fever, environmental exposures, anaphylactic shock

29
Q

type 2 allergy

A

Type 2: cytotoxic-type hypersensitivity
-involves destruction of host cells by agglutination and phagocytosis or by lysis of the membrane as a consequence of complement fixation. commonly RBCs

30
Q

type 3 allergy

A

Type 3: immune complex or arthus-type hypersensitivity

  • complement-mediated reaction to precipitates of antigen and antibody
  • complexes lodge in vessel walls, and the activation of certain inflammation-inducing components of complement results in release of vasoactive substance from mast cells and attraction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the site. reaction takes several hours
31
Q

type 4 allergy

A

Type 4: delayed hypersensitivity
-harmful destruction of tissue by Tcells and macrophages. slow to develop, 1-2 days

ex: allergic contact dermatitis

32
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

condition in which vasoactive substances are released systemically

drugs and insect stings are the most common causes

33
Q

diagnosing

A

electrophoresis of serum- measures amount of gamma globulin in the blood

immunodiffusion tests- measures the 5 specific immunoglobulins

direct Coombs test=cytotoxic antibodies on erythrocytes

indirect Coombs test=detects serum antibodies having the potential to react with erythrocytes

immunofluorescence= tests deposition of antigen-antibodies and complement in tissues

immunohistochemist=tests for antigens in tissue

antinuclear antibody (ANA)= detects antibodies against nuclei of tissue cells that are found in the serum of patients with autoimmune disease.

rheumatic factor

34
Q

immune deficiency diseases

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome: (AIDS)

35
Q

anaphylactic-atopic allergies (type 1)

A

caused by release of chemicals=vasoactive amines (histamine)-produce most immediate reaction

As a group produce the following effects:

  • contraction of most nonvascular smooth muscle (bronchial constriction)
  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability- leads to edema
  • stimulation of secretory activity of some glands

allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma
urticaria (hives) and angioedema
systemic anaphylaxis

36
Q

allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma

A

can be triggered by nonallergic mechanisms

asthma: wheezing
- bronchoconstriction
- edema
- increased secretion of thick mucus

hay fever: seasonal/short asthma
-seasonal plan pollens

37
Q

status asthmaticus

A

prolonged and unresponsive asthmatic distress

labored breathing with great respiratory effort
dyspnea
harassing cough
cyanosis

38
Q

urticaria (hives) ad angioedema

A

slightly raised, flat, well demarcated, edematous patches with a congested border (wheal and flare)

  • develops rapidly after exposure to allergen and associated with pruritus
  • may be caused by anaphylactic reaction in the skin or ingested
39
Q

systemic anaphylaxis

A 
medical emergency
seconds to minutes after exposure to allergen
-itchy scalp, tongue and throat
-generalized flushing and headache
-can't breath
-drop in BP and body temp
-shock and loss of consciousness

tx: epinephrin (vasoconstriction)

40
Q

gastrointestinal food allergies

A

shortly after eating specific foods

  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • cramps
41
Q

cytotoxic hypersensitivities (type 2)

A

manifested by low levels of specific types of blood cells bc antibodies may form against RBC, platelets or WBCS and produce anemia, thrombocytopenia or leukopenia

direct Coombs test

  • erthroblastosis fetalis
  • blood transfusion reactions
  • autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
42
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

hemolytic disorder of the neborn caused by immunologic incompatibility between mother and child and usually involves the Rh antigen of RBCs

autosomal dominant trait

1st pregnancy will be uncomplicated but now that the mother has antibodies a subsequent pregnancy will be complicated

43
Q

blood transfusion reactions

A

incompatibility will produce immediate hemolysis of the transfused RBCs resulting in fever, chills, and possible renal failure

44
Q

autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia

A

mild reaction with agglutinated cells being prematurely removed by the spleen.

direct coombs test

45
Q

immune complex or arthus-type hypersensitivities (type 3)

A

produce vasculitis and edema bc of the release of vasoactive substances

often associated with loos of protein and RBCs in the urine and degrees of renal failure

arthus reaction
serum sickness
glomerulonephritis
polyarteritis nodosa

46
Q

arthus reaction

A

prototype of immune complex hypersensitivity reactions and is an experimental reaction and not a naturally occurring disease.

local injection of soluble antigen
reaction shows evidence of cell necrosis, infiltration with neutrophils and vasculitis

47
Q

serum sicknes

A

prototype of a systemic arthus-type or immune

occured after injection of horse serum- used as a source of antibodies to toxins

48
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

mediated by immune complex reactions resulting from lodging of antigen-antibody complexes in the basement membrane of glomeruli

49
Q

polyarteritis nodosa

A

severe but rare form of immune complex reaction producing widespread, multifocal, necrotizing vasculitis

usually leads to organ failure and even fatal as a result of occlusion or rupture of vessels

50
Q

delayed or cell mediated hypersensitivities (type 4)

A

manifest as subacute or chronic inflammation with infiltration of the tissue and variable degrees of necrosis

contact dermatitis
infections
graft rejection

51
Q

contact dermatitis

A

acute or chonic delayed response to allergens placed on the skin surface

poison ivy
drugs
plants
cosmetics
jewelry
52
Q

infections

A

some microorganisms tend to stimulate cell mediated immunity

bacteria, fungi, viruses

53
Q

graft rejection

A

caused both by antibodies reacting against the tissue and delayed hypersensitivity reaction

54
Q

graft vs host disease

A

lymphocytes in the graft proliferate after transplant and attack the recipient (host)

55
Q

autoimmune disease

A

sensitized lymphocytes or antibodies are developed against self-antigens

systemic lupus eythematosis (SLE)

56
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

may affect number of different organ systems

characteristic skin lesion- butterfly rash- erythematous dermatitis that coves the bridge of the nose and extends bilaterally onto the cheeks
skin is generally photosensitive
joints may also be involved-arthrits
weakened muscles 
kidneys
blood-anemia

affects young to middle aged women
variable course:
-renal insufficiency, bacterial endocarditis, cardiac failure, sepsis or pneumonia, neurologic problems (seizures or stroke)

Patho 2 (10 decks)

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