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Patho 2 > Female Genital Organs-17 > Flashcards

Female Genital Organs-17 Flashcards

1
Q

female genital organs

A

vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian (uterine) tubes and ovaries

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2
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

at the outlet of the vagina

produce mucoid secretion that lubricates the vagina during sexual intercourse

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3
Q

uterine cervix

A

distal, narrow portion of uterus that projects into vagina

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4
Q

cervical canal

A

continus with uterine cavity

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5
Q

cervical os

A

opening of the cervical canal into vagina

impervious to bacteria and sperm

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6
Q

endometrium

A

glandular mucosa lining the uterine cavity

site of implantation of a fertilized ovum

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7
Q

follicles

A

specialized structures that house ova in the ovarian cortex

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8
Q

ovulation

A

once a month a mature ovum is released from its follicle and expelled from the surface of the ovary

occurs about 2 wks after menstruation

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9
Q

blastocyst

A

formed by meiosis of a fertilized egg

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10
Q

in repeated menstrual cycles

A

the endometrium is stimulated to proliferate or develop a rich blood supply and produce secretions that provide nourishment for the growing blastocyst. it is sloughed during menstruation if pregnancy doesn’t occur and immediately begins to proliferate again

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11
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period of a pubertal girl

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12
Q

2 weeks before ovulation

A

in the 2 weeks before ovulation, the endometrium is in the proliferative, or actively and rapidly growing phase.

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13
Q

2 weeks after ovulation

A

the endometrium undergoes secretory changes to prepare for possible pregnancy

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14
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

produced by pituitary gland
stimulates maturation of a follicle in the ovary

the maturing follicle produces estrogen, which stimulates the endometrial glands to proliferate

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15
Q

luteinizing hormon

A

released by pituitary gland when estrogen levels reaches a critical threshold
-stimulates the release of the ovum from the follicle

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16
Q

corpus luteum

A

emply follicle continues to grow into a large mass of lipid-rich cells=corpus luteum

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17
Q

progesterone

A

produced by corpus luteum cells

encourage the endometrium to undergo secretory changes that make it hospitable to the blastocyst

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18
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

produced by developing embryo

-maintains the corpus luteum

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19
Q

if pregnancy does not occur..

A

the corpus luteum slowly involutes and the withdrawal of progestogens causes the endometrium to degenerate and menstruation to occur

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20
Q

obstetrics

A

childbirth

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21
Q

gynecology

A

conditions specific to women

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22
Q

most frequent problems relating to female genitals that require medical care or counseling

A

birth control
infertility

routine:
prenatal care, childbirth
control of menopausal symptoms
dx & tx of infections
screening for cervical cancer
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23
Q

pregnancy loss

A

up to 1/4 of all pregnancies end in loss

most of these occur in the first 12 weeks

24
Q

most common venereal diseases

A

gonorrhea

chlamydia

25
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

when gonorrhea and chlamydia spreads to the fallopian tubes

causes pain, discomfort, infertility and ectopic pregnancy

26
Q

HPV infections

A

causal in the genesis of carcinoma of the cervix

27
Q

leiomyoma

A

nodular overgrowth of smooth muscle cells in the uterus
“fibroids”- can cause abnormally heavy or irregular menstrual cycles, cause problems with the attachment of the placenta to uterine wall.

28
Q

hysterectomy

A

surgical removal of uterus

common reason: leimyoma

29
Q

tubal ligation

A

surgical interruption of the uterine tube- for child birth

30
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

31
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

excessive bleeding caused by an imbalance of hormones

32
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive menstrual bleeding

33
Q

metrorrhagia

A

irregular bleeding from uterus between menses

34
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

cramping pain during menstruation

35
Q

pruritis

A

itching of the vulva

36
Q

speculum

A

device that spreads the walls of the vagina for exams

37
Q

colposcope

A

aids in selecting the most appropriate biopsy sites

38
Q

cone biopsy

A

removal of a cone of tissue including cervical os and endocervical lining for systematic histologic eval

39
Q

ultrasound

A

used to visualize fallopian tubes and ovaries

looks for placental diseases or structural abnormalities of the fetus during pregnancy

40
Q

laparoscopy

A

insertion of an endoscope into peritoneal cavity through an incision at the umbilicus
direct inspection of abdominal and pelvic contents

41
Q

gonorrhea, chlamydia

A

caused by transmittable bacteria
smoldering infection in the uterine tubes
can cause irreversible scarring and infertility

symptoms may include urethritis or vaginal discharge or pelvic pain

42
Q

urethritis

A

pain and urgency with urination

43
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease PID

A

complications of infection by chlamydia or gonorrhea in uterus, uterine tubes and tissues around the tubes
very common

resulting scar tissue can seriously distort uterine tube so ova can’t pass through to uterine cavity

44
Q

2 complications from PID

A

1: ectopic pregnancy
- life threatening- tube can’t accommodate growing embryo and ruptures- pain and potential maternal internal bleeding-death

2: implantation of a fertilizated egg in fallopian tube and infertility

45
Q

syphilis

A

chancre=painless ulcer- develops in vaginal canal may go undetected until develops secondary syphilis- rash on palms, soles, headache, fatigue, lymphoglandular swelling

46
Q

STDs can be transmitted to developing detus

A

chlamydia: can cause pneumonia and pink eye
gonorrhea: infection of joitns and sepsis
syphillis: transmitted across placenta. 40% will die in utero. those that survive-developmental delays, skeletal deformities

47
Q

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

A

cause blistering lesions of the squamous epithelium of the vulva and cervix

babies are delivered c-sections during active lesions

48
Q

condylomata acuminata

A

serotype of HPV
“genital warts”
transmitted venereally, moist mucous membranes

49
Q

trichomoniasis

A

protozoan parasit, sexually transmitted
causes green-yellow, frothy, foul smelling discharge from vagina, itching, discomfort with sex and sometimes urethritis
doesn’t interfere with pregnancy
treated with antibiotics

50
Q

candida

A

fungi normally present in vagina. under certain conditions that grow excessively and produce superficial vaginitis or vulvovaginitis
YEAST INFECTION

itching, pain, discomfort with sex, thick white discharge

prevented by presence of other bacteria that normally reside in vagina.

51
Q

endometriosis

A

occurrence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in ovary

responsive to estrogen- therefore undergoes proliferation and degeneration-bleeding then causes PAIN with: menstruation, sex, defection, urination, pelvic pain

scaring of uterine tube can cause infertility
**most common cause of pelvic pain

associated with certain carcinomas of the ovary

52
Q

what is the most common cause of pelvic pain?

A

endometriosis

53
Q

endometriomas

A

hemorrhagic cavities on surface of ovary- result in torsion of ovary or twisting around its vascular stalk with resultant ischemic injury

surgical emergency!

54
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding DUB

A

most common cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding

not caused by a structural defect
results from derangements in hormonal control of ovulatory cycle
failure to ovulate may result in amenorrhea or excessive bleeding

55
Q

polycystic ovarian cancer

A

associated with derangements in the control of ovulation

irregular menstrual cycles and infertility

56
Q

menopause

A

permanent cessation of menstruation
~40 years after menarche

cessation of estrogen and progesterone production in ovary

57
Q

oophorectomy

A

surgical removal of the gonads

Patho 2 (10 decks)

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