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neuro 2 > infectious diseases > Flashcards

infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

helminths

A

parasitic worms

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2
Q

Trematodes

A

flukes, flatworms with suckers; hermaphroditic self reproduction; snail intermediate host

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3
Q

cestodes

A

tapeworm flatoworms in intestinal lumen; hermaphroditic self reproduction; larval forms cystic or solid

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4
Q

nematodes

A

roundworms in intestine are bisexual

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5
Q

roundworms

A

nematodes

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6
Q

flukes

A

trematode flatworms

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7
Q

schistosomiasis

A

snail fever by trematode (flatworm) Schistosomiasis haematobium
associated with bladder cancer

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8
Q

bladder cancer

A

schistosomiasis

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9
Q

snail fever

A

schistosomiasis

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10
Q

snail intermediate host

A

snail fever/schistosomiasis (flatworm trematode)

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11
Q

schistosomiasis life cycle

A

schistosome infected egg released in urine/feces to freshwater aquatic evnironments and infect snails. miracidia transformed into cercacia, motile stage of parasite that infects humans. cercaria burrow in sin leaving surface lesion and MIGRATE TO LUNGS and LIVER, west. long term infection of blood vessels. from liver, infects bladder, kidney, urethra. large egg masses become trapped in bladder/organs causing inflammatory response and distention of abdomen. eggs shed in urine/feces

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12
Q

swimmers itch

A

schistosomiasis trematode flatworm, snail fever

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13
Q

what does schistosomiasis affect?

A

bloody urine, chronic, infects liver, lungs, bladder (cancer), (kidneys/urethra)

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14
Q

filariasis

A

nematode roundworm infection of lymphatic system by Wuchereria Bancroft
bancrofts and elephantiasis

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15
Q

wuchereria bancrofti

A

nematode roundworm causes filariasis, bancrofts, elephantiasis

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16
Q

filariasis transmission

A

worm transmitted in microfilariae of mosquito bite

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17
Q

filariasis infection

A

roundworm microfilariae of mosquito bite develop into adult worms and interrupt lymph flow, leading to major accumulation of fluid/edema in legs
120+ million in tropics

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18
Q

river blindness

A

onchocerciasis by roundworm nematode onchocerciasis volvulus with black flies as vector

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19
Q

onchocerciasis volvulus

A

onchocerciasis river blindness

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20
Q

onchocerciasis

A

river blindness by onchocerca volvulus microfilariae which infect black flies and invade the cornea, then iris and retina, triggers inflammation, scarring and vision loss
2nd to trachoma as infectious blindness

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21
Q

causes of infectious blindness

A

trachoma and 2nd onchocerciasis river blindness

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22
Q

onchocerciasis river blindness vector

A

black flies

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23
Q

onchocerciasis river blindness attack

A

cornea, the iris and retina

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24
Q

trichinosis

A

caused by trichinella roundworm that infects muscle tissue of animals

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25
Q

schistosomiasis cases

A

250 million

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26
Q

trichinosis transmission

A

consumption of undercooked wild game enters the intestinal mucosal cells, leading to asymptomatic condition or mild gastroenteritis. larva mature and reproduce, causing inflammatory response and facial swelling.

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27
Q

hallmark of trichinosis

A

facial swelling and muscle pain

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28
Q

untreated complications of trichinosis

A

heart damage, encephalitis and death

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29
Q

treatment trichinosis

A

antihelminthic drugs like mebendazole and steroids

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30
Q

diagnosis of trichinosis

A

immunoassay

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31
Q

black fly vector

A

onchocerciasis river blindness

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32
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

large nematode roundworm in human lumen of small intestine

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33
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides infection

A

females produce 200,000 eggs per day, passed in feces
unfertilized eggs NOT infective
fertilized infective eggs are swallowed, hatch and invade the intestinal mucosa and are carried to the lungs, where they mature, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat. swallowed again, reach the small intestine and develop into adult worms.
often asymptomatic

34
Q

most common global helminth disease

A

ascaris lumbricoides

35
Q

transmission ascaris lumbricoides

A

contaminated soil or produce
fecal-soil-oral transmission

36
Q

ascaris lumbricoides hosts

A

humans and pigs

37
Q

ascaris lumbricoides complications

A

worm burdens cause abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction, potential perforation in high intensity infections
Migrating adult worms cause symptomatic occlusion of the biliary tract, appendicitis

38
Q

appendicitis

A

ascaris lumbricoides

39
Q

treatment of filariasis

A

DEC

40
Q

nonsocial infections

A

HCAIs infections not present and without evidence of incubation at the time of admission to a health facility

41
Q

rate of HCAI nosocomial infections

A

2 million+ hospitalizations/year
add +8 days to hospital stay
$2-3 billion cost/year
4:1 ICU to non-ICU units
antibiotic resistant

42
Q

increased rate of nosocomial infections

A

understaffed nurses, ICUs, invasive procedures, long stays

43
Q

5 nosocomial infections

A
  1. 50% UTIs by foley/catheter
  2. surgical wound
    3.respiratory pneumonia from ventilators and ICU
  3. blood - primary bacteremia
  4. clostridium difficile (spores) in feces
44
Q

UTI nosocomial infection

A

adds 1-2 days to hospital stay from foley/catheter contamination

45
Q

UTI pathogens

A

enterococcus, yeast, resistant gram - rods (like E. coli)
Confirmed thru microscopic urinalysis showing WBCs and by culture

46
Q

surgical wound infection

A

Adds 7 days to hospital stay
purulent discharge/drainage, wound dehiscence, erythema rash, with/out fever

47
Q

surgical wound risks

A

Long procedures
Long pre-op hospitalization
Elderly
Steroid use
Morbid obesity
- artificial grafts

48
Q

surgical wound pathogens

A

MRSA, resistant gram - rods like enterobacter, acinetobacter (gram negative - coccobacilli)

49
Q

primary bacteremia

A

from access central IV invasive lines CLABSIs central line associated bloodstream infections from Dialysis permacaths, chemo ports, Groshung catheters, PICC lines (peripheral insertion)

50
Q

CLABSIs

A

central line associated bloodstream infections are primary bacteremia (transient, exit site, tunnel, septic phlebitis)

51
Q

transient bacteremia

A

don’t bull the line unless gram negative MRSA/MSSA or yeast

52
Q

exit site infection

A

involved mild purulent drainage - treat locally and w oral antibiotics

53
Q

tunnel infection

A

primary bacteremia
more serious, line should be removed and IV antibiotics started

54
Q

Septic phlebitis (primary bacteremia)

A

less common but serious. Septic pulmonary embolic can develop and lines must come out. Use antibiotics
4 weeks treatment

55
Q

bacteremia source from catheters

A
  1. absence of other source infection such as pneumonia, UTI or a wound
  2. positive blood culture for a recognized pathogen for catheter related infections
  3. Vancomycin is drug of choice for MRSA
  4. Complicated septic phlebitis takes about 4 weeks of treatment
56
Q

MRSA treatment

A

vancomycin

57
Q

respiratory pneumonia

A

80% of HCAP are ventilator associated
during surgery
Normal oral flora is replaced by gram - rods: often Staph within 4-7 days of hospitalization
HCAP adds 11 days to hospital course of treatment and has 25% mortality rate

58
Q

mortality rate ventilatory pneumonia

A

25%

59
Q

VAP pneumonia agents

A

gram - rods, often Staph

60
Q

VAP pneumonia hospital stay

A

adds +11 days

61
Q

risks pneumonia

A

high gastric pH, surgery, elderly, immunosuppressed, intubation
Aspiration risks include. Strokes, seizures, alcohol related delirium

62
Q

pneumonia aspiration risks

A

Strokes, seizures, alcohol related delirium

63
Q

VAP pneumonia treatment

A

greater than 5 days intubation is treated as MRSA and resistant gram negative - rods

64
Q

ventilator bundle

A
  1. Head of the bed greater than 30 degrees (lessens aspiration)
  2. assessment of readiness to extubate
  3. Peptic ulcer disease Prophylaxis
  4. Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis
  5. Maintain Adequate Suctioning
65
Q

leprosy

A

hansens disease
Mycobacterium leprae
obligate
ACID FAST bacilli
diagnosis inefective
effective vaccines
Transmission: through contact with nasal secretions and skin lesions or contact with 9 banded armadillo
facial lesions an nodules

66
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough
Gram negative, aerobic coccobacillus
Attaches to host cells of upper respiratory tract and excretes exotoxin, inducing synthesis of cyclic AMP
3 stages:
Catarrhal: nonspecific
Paroxysmal: introduction of characteristic cough
Convalescent: week 4
Transmitted by aerosols

67
Q

hantavirus

A

Single stranded minus sense RNA virus
Zoonotic pathogen by infected rodents
Hemorrhagic fever, renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

68
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

vaccine effectiveness
Gram neg - bacteria
Prods polysaccharide capsule
Airborne transmission
Attaches to nasopharynx
Inflamed protective NS covering - meninges
IV treatment of penicillin

69
Q

ebola

A

vaccines
Ss RNA virus of filoviridae
Endemic to congo
Hemorrhaging, bleeding/bruising
Dry and wet symptoms
African fruit bat reservoir

70
Q

monkeypox

A

Zoonotic orthopox ds DNA virus
Related to smallpox
Pustular rash
In congo
Sporadic outbreaks
Contact with wildlife, rodents
Transmitted thru respiratory droplets, contact with skin lesions, contaminated fomites, not STI

71
Q

Legionella

A

bacteria in soil and freshwater
Gram -
Resistant to chlorine
Rod shaped
Transmitted through contaminated water or airborne droplets, NOT human to human
Causes pneumonia
Fatal philadelphia outbreak
Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

72
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis = elephantiasis
presentation

A

affects lymph nodes and circulatory system
Parasitic worm spread by mosquito bites
Hygeine

73
Q

Zika Virus

A

Ss + sense RNA arbovirus
Flaviviridae family
Vector borne through aedes aegypti mosquito
Sexual and vertical congenital (mother to infant) transmission
Guillain barre syndrome
zika virus associated congenital anomalies (microcephaly)

74
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob - Prion diseases

A

mad cow
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies TSEs of progressive neurodegenerative disorders
Prions: pathogenic agents are transmissible and induce abnormal folding of proteins called prior proteins in the brain
Affects 1/Million/Year
Effectiveness of pharmalogical treatments for CJD patients

75
Q

endocarditis

A

inner layer of heart

76
Q

myocarditis

A

muscle in middle controls pumping of heart

77
Q

peritonitis

A

outer layer heart

78
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

episodic migraines
made in lab to stimulate immune system
Exact copies/duplicates of 1 antibody and bind to 1 antigen only

79
Q

dengue fever

A

Ss rna + flavivirus
4 serotypes
Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits
hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome

80
Q

mediastinitis

A

welling and irritation (inflammation) of the chest area between the lungs (mediastinum). Can be caused by infectious disease. Most cases are associated with cardiac surgery
mono bacterial
Surgical debridement is the mainstay of therapy

neuro 2 (5 decks)

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