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Biology > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

T- cells

A

Activate other cells and activate B- cells to release antibodies. They release cytokines which causes helper T- cells to be produced.

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2
Q

Active Immunity

A

An immunity that is developed over a period of time.

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3
Q

Natural Active immunity

A

Contracting the disease to build up immunity

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4
Q

Active Acquired immunity

A

Is when a vaccination is given.

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5
Q

Innate immune response:

A

A physical, chemical and cellular defense against pathogens. Immediately prevents the spread of pathogens throughout the body.

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6
Q

Characteristic of a pathogen:

A

Colonize and invade hosts, seek nutrient rich places in the hosts body, fight the bodies immune system and multiply.

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7
Q

Examples of disease control techniques:

A
  • Antibiotics and antiseptics
  • Quarantine
  • Vaccines
  • Sanitation improvements
    etc.
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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

(Small and short living) Eliminate diseased and damaged cells by engulfing the cell.

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9
Q

Mucus

A

Mucus traps bacteria and pathogens stopping them from entering the bloodstream. Mucus is in the nose and throat.

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10
Q

Meaning of infectious disease and examples:

A

Infectious disease contain a pathogen and is commonly spread via vectors, droplets, contact, incorrect sanitation and personal hygiene.
E.g.: AIDS, malaria, influenza and E.coli

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11
Q

B- cells

A

Makes antibodies against antigens, and develop into memory B- cells after activation by antigen interaction.

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12
Q

Passive immunity

A

short-term immunity

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13
Q

Passive Natural immunity

A

Antibodies passed along from mother to child through the placenta or breast milk.

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14
Q

Passive Artificial

A

Doctors injecting antibodies.

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15
Q

Complement response:

A

Release cytokines to tell other cells nearby that there is a pathogen close by.

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16
Q

How is a pathogen transmitted

A

Pathogens can be transmitted through skin contact, bodily fluids, contact with feces and vectors. This means that the pathogen has access to the new host.

17
Q

Adaptive immune response:

A

Occurs after the exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or from a vaccination. Takes much longer than the innate immune response.

18
Q

Antigen

A

Stimulates the immune response by activating white blood cells that fight disease.

19
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Punch holes in pathogens and release cytokines.

20
Q

Macrophages

A

(Large and long living) Eliminate diseased and damaged cells via engulfing the cell

21
Q

Meaning of non- infectious disease

A

Disease such as cancer, tumors and mental disease do bot spread and infect others and are not caused by pathogens, they are caused by genetics, malnutrition and lifestyle choices.

22
Q

3rd line of defense explanation:

A

Is specific and adapts to each type of pathogen. There are two types of lymphocytes B- cells and T- cells.

23
Q

1rst line of defense explanation

A

A physical barrier to stop the pathogen from entering the bloodstream. E.g. skin, mucus, stomach acids, tears and urine flow.

24
Q

Histamine function:

A

Makes blood capillaries permeable so the white blood cells can move into the site of infection efficiently.

25
Q

Swelling function

A

Blood capillaries bringing more white blood cells to infection.

26
Q

Pain function

A

Stops person from moving to reduce rate of infection.

27
Q

2nd line of defense and the four responses:

A

If a pathogen enters the bloodstream, an innate response takes place.

  • phagocytosis
  • Inflammatory response
  • Complement response
  • Natural killer cells.
28
Q

Binary Fission

A

A cell duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two parts.

29
Q

Inflammatory response and examples

A

Mast cells release histamines causing an inflammatory response: Redness, swelling, fever and pain.

30
Q

Redness

A

Blood supply is increased

31
Q

Fever

A

high temperatures kill bacteria in the site of infection.

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing the pathogen by the two types of white blood cells.

33
Q

Compare foreign antigens with self antigens:

A

Foreign antigens come from outside the body whereas self antigens are within the body.

Biology (11 decks)

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