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Infectious Disease > Infectious Disease Literature > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Literature Flashcards

1
Q

How does FIV affect the survival of sick cats?

A

It did NOT affect survival!!

FIV cats: Survival was NOT different from uninfected cats

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2
Q

What retrovirus should you check for in a cat with dental disease?

A

FIV

Inflammatory oral disease and stomatitis associated with FIV +

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3
Q

What are risk factors of FIV+ in sick cats?

A

MALE and older

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4
Q

Can we use PMPDAP in cats with FIV?

A

NO! It results in improved CS but horrible anemia

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5
Q

Which antiviral results in improved stomatitis but anemia in FIV cats?

A

Adefovir

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6
Q

Which antiviral resulted in decreased viral load but no clinical improvement in FIV cats?

A

Plexifovir

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7
Q

What is a complication of FIV that is seen in naturally occurring but NOT experimental FIV cats?

A

Proteinuria
UPC correlated with CD4:CD8 T cell ratio
Not associated with azotemia
Increased incidence of amyloidosis

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8
Q

Did fozivudine protect against FIV infection?

A

NO! But it did decreased viremia in first 2 weeks

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9
Q

What helped to improve survival in FIV cats?

A

INF-alpha

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10
Q

What helped improved survival in FeLV cats?

A

INF-alpha

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11
Q

What has been used in FeLV cats to stimulate an innate immune response?

A

Feline IFN-omega

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12
Q

What is known about FeLV and nonregnerative cytopenias in cats?

A

RARE to be related to FeLV latency (Only 5.4% had FeLV PCR + BM when negative FelV p27 ELISA in blood)

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13
Q

How did human IFN-alpha and AZT perform in FeLV cats?

A

No marked changes when given alone or combined but rare SE

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14
Q

In canine blood, Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from Gram + and Gram neg bacteria resulted in?

A

stimulate TNF, IL-6, and IL-010 production in canine blood
Altered response with age (older dogs have a blunted IL-10 response) - Could explained more mortality in older dogs in sepsis

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15
Q

What is on the 4DX SNAP test?

A

Dirofilaria immitisantigen and antibodies againstAnaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, andEhrlichia ewingiiis good screening test
○ Cross reactivity of E. canis antigens with anti E. chafeensis Abs noted

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16
Q

Is daily cleaning of stethoscopes helpful?

A

NO, • Daily cleaning of stethoscopes immediately removed bacteria, BUT did NOT reduce bacterial contamination (67% vs 60% after cleaning)
○ Repeatedly recovered: Bacillus

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17
Q

Which bacteria were found most common on VTH surfaces?

A

• Enterococcus faecium and Stap isolated were most common on surfaces at VTH (esp on scales and cages) - Concern that many were resistant to >5 ABX

Esp given Enterococcus ability to transmit resistance genes to other pathogens

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18
Q

Which bacteria does BAPGM help to grow in sick dogs?

A

• Use of insect growth media (Bartonella alpha-Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM)) enhanced growth of alpha-Proeobacteria (staph and Sphingomonas) but also others bacteria from sick dogs that were not isolated from other cultures

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19
Q

How does Yersina pestis present in a dog?

A

• Yersinia pestis in dogs: Fever, lethargy, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, vomiting, diarrhea, abscesses
○ Exposure risks: hunting, rodent/rabbit exposure, lived in rural area
○ Dogs are sentinel of human dz

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20
Q

What is the likely cause of retroperionteal abscesses in dogs?

A

Retroperitoneal abscess in dogs: Etiology largely unknown (suspected to be plants), resolution with sx and long term abx, recurrence is possible, but overall outcome favorable

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21
Q

How do cats get Francisella tularensis? What is the treatment of it?

A

• Gram negative (zoonotic), transmitted by ticks from rodents and rabbits (or eating these guys) Reportable
○ Ulceroglander (SQ abscesses) form or acute/systemic form (fever, thrombocytopenia, increased LEs, hyperbili)
○ Abs (after 3 weeks from infection), PCR, bacterial culture (from LN)
○ Tx (limited information): Gentamicin (humans), but could consider tetracycline + fluoroquinolones

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22
Q

What is Q fever?

A

• Coxiella burnetii (Cats get it from ingestion of infected animals or tick bites) - Subclinical, maybe abortion, cat is source of human infeciton
○ Dx: Isolation of organism or serology
○ Tx: Tetracycline or chloramhenicol

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23
Q

What is true about the resistance patterns in E. coli?

A

• Strains are genetically and phenotypically diverse, but lots of drug resistance (51%), freq of MDR did not differ regionally

Resistance may limit empirical tx, need to use TMS, NOT amoxicillin or Clavamox

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24
Q

Name 5 atypical findings in Lepto dogs?

A

• Atypical findings in Lepto dogs:
○ Pulmonary dz (43%); Hepatic dz ALONE (14%); proteinuria (67%), thrombocytopenia (50%), coagulopathy (30%), hypoalbuminemia (27%), glucosuria (18%)
§ Grippotyphosa = Renal dz
§ Icterohaemorrhagiae = Hepatic dz

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25
Q

What can be conclude about using MAT and how are they preformed?

A

Performed: Add dilutions of patient serum to LIVE spirochetes of diff serovars, highest dilution of serum of which 50% agglut is reported

USE: Serologic MAT (acute and convalescent titers) were highly accurate for dx of lepto in dogs; (performed at 5 different labs) valuable to diagnose Lepto in dogs, BUT discordant results in MAT bwtn recently vaccinated and in clinical Lepto cases - suggests that unlikely test result can be used to predict infecting serogroup (similar in humans)

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26
Q

What was the sero-prevalence in people that were around Lepto dogs (staff and owners)?

A

ZERO, none were +

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27
Q

What happens with MAT in lepto vaccinated dogs?

A

Variable MAT results, antibodies should NOT be used to predict resistant to Lepto infection
○ MAT titers ≥1: 800 can developed with vaccination!!!! Could complicate diagnosis of infection!!!

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28
Q

What has been shown with lepto with CDK in cats?

A

• Cats with CKD were significantly more likely to be sero+ for Lepto than control cats (14.9% compared to 7.2%)
○ No difference in PCR + in urine = BUT 8 cats had lepto in urine (potential role in transmission???)
○ Pomona and Bratislava most common serovars
○ Risk factors for sero+: Outdoor life, hunting, another cat in household, sampling period (June and August)

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29
Q

The prevalence of lepto is increased, esp in what demographic?

A

• Prevalence of Lepto is increasing since 1970s esp in dogs btwn 2-9yrs and male dogs
○ Dogs

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30
Q

In what months is lepto most common?

A

Nov-Dec

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31
Q

Does recent vaccination interfere with PCR in dogs with acute lepto?

A

NO!!

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32
Q

What is a severe complication with lepto that results in higher mortality?

A

• 70% of dogs with Lepto had pulmonary changes noted
○ Lung involvement = Severe complication with increased case fatality depending on severity of resp distress (78% euthanized in grade 2 dyspnea dogs)

Reticulonodular interstital pattern

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33
Q

Has lepto ever been reported to result in renal insuff in cats?

A

Yest, 3 cats

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34
Q

Which Mycobacterium is associated with panniculitis in dogs?

A

Panniculitis dt Mycobacterium goodi: Environmental, rapidly growing organism, zoonotic (dogs thought to be sentinels for human dz)

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35
Q

What infectious disease can result in monoclonal gammopathy?

A

• Monoclonal gammopathy in a dog with Bartonella (can also be seen with Leishmana)

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36
Q

Why can dogs with bartonella be hypoglycemic?

A

• Hyperinsulinemia Hypoglycemia Syndrome noted in 2 dogs with Bartonella

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37
Q

What is known about cats with DJD and Bartonella?

A

• Cats with DJD: Bartonella sero+ was associated with decreased severity of DJD and pain score

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38
Q

If a cat has hyperglobulinemia, which infectious disease should they be tested for?

A

Bartonella

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39
Q

What is the association of bartonella and feline caudal stomatitis?

A

No association with IgM, but association with BAPGM in cats!!!

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40
Q

Which infectious disease has a high rate of association with feline caudal stomatitis?

A

Calicivirus

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41
Q

What are the most common bartonellas found in dogs?

A

B. henselae or B. vinsonii subsp. Berkhoffii were the most common in dogs

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42
Q

Why is BAPGM recommended in dogs in addition to serology?

A

• Using BAPGM: It was required to make a dx of Bartonella in 21/61 cases; many dogs did not have detectable Bartonella antibodies

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43
Q

What urine marker was associated with higher mortality in Lepto dogs?

A

Higher UPC

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44
Q

What was increased in myelosuppressed E. canis infected dogs compared to controls? Was it predictive of outcome?

A

• Acute Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (E. canis): acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, SAA, haptoglobin) significantly higher in myelosuppressed dogs with infection compared to nonmyelosuppressed infected dogs and controls
○ Albumin was NOT different
○ CRP, SAA, and Hp NOT useful predictors of clinical outcome
§ But survival was strongly associated with pancytopenia (odds ratio for death 22.7), and neutropenia (odds ratio of death 7.7)

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45
Q

For E. canis, what factors were associated with death?

A

But survival was strongly associated with pancytopenia (odds ratio for death 22.7), and neutropenia (odds ratio of death 7.7)

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46
Q

In Grenada, a co-infections with which organisms resulted in prolonged post-op bleeding scores in clinically normal dogs (with normal hemostatic parameters)?

A

• In Grenada: Clinically normal dogs with normal hemostatic parameters had increased intra-op bleeding scores if co-infected with E. canis and A. platys compared to controls (neg dogs: blood, spleen, BM, and LN)
○ E. canis DNA amplified more from blood
○ A. platys DNA amplified more from bone marrow

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47
Q

Which infectious disease should you consider if you see atypical lymphocytes and clonal expression of T cells?

A

Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp (NOT LSA)

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48
Q

What are common syndromes in dogs with A. phagocytophilum?

A

Fever, arthropathy, neuro dysfunction, epistaxis

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49
Q

What is the cause of Salmon poisoning in dogs? How are CS? How do you dx it? What is the treatment?

A

• Suspected in dogs with inappetence, GI, neurologic signs (in Pacific Northwest), +/- fever, +/- lymphadenopathy (if not peripheral than abdominal)
○ Centrigufation and sedimentation combined had greatest SEN
○ Labs and intact males
○ Tx: Tetracyclines

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50
Q

What causes Canine schistosomiasis?

A

Heterobilharzia

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51
Q

In dogs with Heterobilharzia, was hyperCa associated with worse prognosis?

A

NO! ○ HyperCa (11/22, not worse prognosis) - Did not resolve until praziqunatel given

52
Q

What is the treatment of Heterobilharzia?

A

Praziquantel and fenbendazole

53
Q

What GI complications has been noted in Heterobilharzia in dogs?

A

○ Reported intestinal intussesception secondary to infection

54
Q

When are owners at risk for getting Toxoplasmosis from cats?

A

• Cats pose a risk to owners only when shedding oocysts (ONCE in lifetime)

55
Q

What are CS of sarcocystis in dogs and how is it tx?

A

• Dogs with fever, thrombocytopenia, increased LEs, and myositis (increased CK, AST)
○ Decoquinate may be an effective tx

56
Q

In endemic areas, what are the classic presentation of Leishmania?

A

• Should be considered in endemic areas in dogs with inflammatory joint dz
○ 35% mono-, 28% polyarthritis
○ Mainly carpi; could be erosive and nonerosive
○ 57% Leishmania amastigpates seen in synovial fluid

57
Q

How often is Leishmania found in joint cytology?

A

57% Leishmania amastigpates seen in synovial fluid

58
Q

What is the treatment of Leishmania?

A

meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol

59
Q

What is true regarding iron in dogs with Leishmania?

A

• Canine leishmaniasis resulted in lower iron, total iron binding capacity and HIGHER ferritin and C-reactive protein (compared to controls and other ill dogs, CRP was similar in other ill dogs)

Low total iron binding capacity and increased C reactive are RISK FACTORS for outcome

60
Q

What co-infection with Leishmania has WORSE CS?

A

HEARTWORM disease

61
Q

What is known about Leishmania and HWD?

A

• Dogs co-infected with Leishmania and Heartworm disease had more severe CS
○ BUT Wolbachia infection significantly more frequent in dogs WITHOUT Lesihmania (could it be protective again it?)

62
Q

Which malignancy harbors lots of Leishmania?

A

• Canine transmissible venereal tumor can harbor LOTS of Leishmania; also consider that Lesihmania may lower immune defense against malignancy (to TVT)

63
Q

What is the classic presentation of cats with leishmania and how is it tx?

A

• Leishmania in cats: Same spp as dogs, sandfly bites them; Ulcerative dermatitis; Tx: allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate
○ Association with FIV

64
Q

Which infection is Leishmania in cats associated with?

A

FIV

65
Q

What happens to proteinuria when dogs are treated for Leishmania?

A

• Dogs tx with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol had a significant reduction in proteinuria within 4-8 wks (13% non-proteinuric)

66
Q

Name 5 syndromes in dogs with Babesia that are associated with a poor outcome?

A

• Poor prognosis with: Bed biliary syndrome, AKI, ARDS, neurologic dysfunction, acute pancreatitis, cardiac dysfunction, and hypoglycemia

67
Q

In S. Africa which breed is infected less with Babesia?

A

Toy breeds compared to working breeds (labs)

68
Q

If you have a dog with pigmenturia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, which infecitous dz do you need to test for?

A

NEED Babesia PCR and serology

69
Q

In Babesia, what are risk factors for persistent infection, illness, or both?

A

○ If asplenia, chemo, or both = Risk factors for persistent infection, illness, or both
○ 7 immunocompromised dogs: Had no serology but has large unnamed Babesia spp

70
Q

What is true about cats with Babesia in S. Africa?

A

• In cats: B. felis in South Africa, hemolytic anemia, cats recover and become chronic carriers
○ Mortality: 15-20%
○ Tx: Primaquine

71
Q

What is the treatment of Babesia felis? What is the moratlity?

A

Primaquine

Mortality: 15-20% (lots of carriers if they recover)

72
Q

Which Babesia has been associated with a proteinuric nephropathy?

A

• Proteinuric nephropathy (membranoproliferative GN) - Consider B, gibsoni

73
Q

Do dogs with Babesia rossi bleed? What is found on their coag testing?

A

• Despite severe thrombocytopenia (20K) dogs did NOT have bleeding and were normocoaguable based on TEG

Significantly lower AT and higher fibrinogens compared to controls

74
Q

Wat drug failed to eliminate C. felis from healthy chronically infected cats? What were SE?

A

• Diminazebe diaceturate was UNABLE to eliminate C. felis or decreased parasite burden in healthy, chronically infected cats (compared to placebo)
○ SE: Hypersalivation, injection site soreness
○ Nausea also noted in the JFMS article

75
Q

What is the recommended tx for C. felis? What did worse?

A

• Atovaquone and azithromycin resulted in 60% survival compared to imidocarb (26%) in cats with acute C. felis
○ Cats more likely to survive: If LOWER parasitemia, HIGHER WBC, LOWER bilirubin

Multiple genotypes were identified in multiple cats

76
Q

What factors results in survival in cats with C. felis?

A

Cats more likely to survive: If LOWER parasitemia, HIGHER WBC, LOWER bilirubin

77
Q

What is true regarding the immune system in cats that died of C. felis?

A

• Greater immune response (more TNF-a and IL-1B, lower albumin, higher CD18 expression) in cats that died of C. felis
○ RBCs of acutely ill cats had plasmalemmal IgM (not in other cats)

78
Q

What is more accurate to diagnose canine parvo and distemper?

A

ELISA better than IFA

79
Q

Is T. foetus found in the repro tract of cats?

A

NO!!

80
Q

What can results in staggering dz in cats?

A

Borna Virus (RNA virus resulting in neuro dz) = Staggering dz in cats (serology 58% compared to controls 16%)

81
Q

What disease has a weak association with Bartonella?

A

Sero + Bartonella and idiopathic lower urinary tract dz (feline interstitial cystitis)

82
Q

What is true regarding Clinically normal cats with high Chlamydiae Ab titers?

A

○ Clinically normal cats with high Chlamydiae Ab titers can shed (thus transmit it)
§ Not found in genital tract in any cats

83
Q

In Calicivuris + Caudal Stomatitis, what has been associated with significant improvement in clinical lesions and decreased pain scores and how did this compare to prednisone?

A

○ Calicivuris + Caudal Stomatitis Case (randomized, controlled, double blind study): Feline interferon omega associated with significant improvement in clinical lesions and decreased pain scores (no stat diff from pred, except for pain)

84
Q

What drug has been found to NOT inhibit replication of FHV-1?

A

○ L-lysine in vitro did not inhibit replication of FHV-1 at L-arginine concentrations sufficient to maintain cell growth - consistent with other studies that L-lysine may not be consistently beneficial in herpes cats

85
Q

Which drug has improved CS in cats with FHV-1?

A

○ PO Famciclovir improves outcome for systemic (weight gain), ophthalmic, clin path, viroloic, and histo variables in cats inoculated with FHV-1 compared to control (lactulose)

86
Q

What has been shown to decreased FHV-1 replication in vitro?

A

○ siRNA that target mRNA of FHV-1 DNA polymerase gene, FHV-1 glycoprotein D gene (or both) suppressed viral replication in vitro (could be considered as tx option)

87
Q

What is the survival rate and negative prognositc factors for cats with panleuokpenia?

A

○ Survival rate: 51.1%
§ Negative Prognostic Factors: Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia

Cat pooped out a firbinonectric colonic cast that was confused for intussusception on AUS

88
Q

Why can you get falsely low or negative FCoV antibody titers?

A

○ Falsely low or negative FCoV antibody tests can occur in samples that are rich in virus (antibody bound to virus in sample and THUS no able to bind to virus within the test)

89
Q

What is required for diagnosis of FIP?

A

○ IHC is required to make diagnosis (serology and serum protein electrophoresis were poor)
§ Also consider alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) is elevated in FIP

90
Q

What has been shown in vitro to reduce (95%) FIP replication?

A

In vitro siRNAs targeting different genes were able to inhibit replication of the virus (95% reduction) - Could be considered a therapeutic option in FIP

91
Q

During FIP outbreaks what is known about the strains?

A

○ During FIP “outbreak: NO distinct virulent vs avirulent stains of feline coronavirus were noted (both in FIP and asymptomatic animals were very similar)

92
Q

In late stage FIP did propentofylline work?

A

NO! ○ In cats with late stage FIP (placebo controlled, double blind): propentofylline did NOT have an effect on survival time, QOL, amount of effusion, or any other clinical or lab changes (animals were also given steroids, Abx, heparin)
§ MST: 8 days :(

93
Q

Since cellular immunity important in FIP infection, what can be used to evaluate cellular immunity?

A

monoclonal Abs to feline interferon-g to evaluate that cellular immunity

94
Q

What is known about the A:G ratio and how can this be used in diagnosis of FIP?

A

When prevalence of FIP is low, the A:G ratio (low in FIP cats) is useful to rule out FIP, but not helpful when making the diagnosis

95
Q

What are classic AUS findings in cats with FIP?

A

○ AUS findings that should make you think about FIP: Hypoechoci liver, hypoechoic subcapsular rim in kidneys, peritoneal fluid, abdominal lymphadenopathy, orchitis

96
Q

What fungal infections have been noted in dogs with retroperitoneal fibrosis?

A

Histo and Blasto

97
Q

What is true regarding disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum in cats with testing for it?

A

○ Antigenuria noted in cats with disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum - Suggests that urine antigen test could be used in dx

98
Q

How did fluconazole compare to itraconazole for histo in cats?

A

○ Fluconazole had similar mortality and recrudescence rates in cats with Histo compared to itraconazole = Fluconazole is a cheaper alternative
§ Most cats were strictly indoor (likely sources houseplants, unfinished basements)

99
Q

For cats that are strictly indoor how do they get histo?

A

strictly indoor (likely sources houseplants, unfinished basements)

100
Q

Which fungal infection is associated with acquired feline skin fragility?

A

Histoplasmosis

101
Q

What can be used to cure Sporothrix in cats with 47.9% cure? What was a SE?

A

○ Potassium iodide capsule is an alterative compared to solution
§ Cure rate: 47.9%, failure in 37.5%, death 4.2%
□ Adverse events in 52% (hepatotoxicity seen)

102
Q

Why does the ELISA from Lagenidium have poor spec?

A

○ ELISA for anti-L. giganteum f. caninum has moderate SEN BUT poor SPEC
§ Lots of cross reaction with anti- Paralagenidium karlingii and anti-Pythium Abs

103
Q

How many dogs have Staph Auerus? and how many were MRSA?

A

7% dogs have S. auerus, 30% MRSA

104
Q

Was dogs with MRSA related to owner being health care worker?

A

NO!

105
Q

How common was the colonization of person and pet with same strain of MRSA?

A

RARE

106
Q

What was associated with MRSP in dogs?

A

• Association of MRSP with prior ABX administration within 30 days
○ No difference in mortality btwn MRSP and MSSP (so it is not more virulent)

107
Q

What type of virus is FeLV?

A

RNA, enveloped

108
Q

What type of virus is FIV?

A

RNA, enveloped

109
Q

What type of virus is rabies?

A

ssRNA (negative), enveloped

110
Q

What type of virus is Calicivirus?

A

ssRNA, non-enveloped

111
Q

What type of virus is Herpes?

A

dsDNA, enveloped

112
Q

What type of virus is Coronavirus?

A

ssRNA, enveloped

113
Q

What type of virus is parvo?

A

ssDNA, non-enveloped

114
Q

What type of virus is adenovirus?

A

dsDNA, non-enveloped

115
Q

What type of virus is influenza?

A

ssRNA, enveloped

116
Q

Which Mycoplasma has the highest prevalence in cats?

A

M. hemominutum, but least pathogenic (mainly anemia in FeLV+ cats)

117
Q

How many animals dog not develop IgM with acute toxo?

A

About 20%

118
Q

What is seen in dogs with Babesia coco:

A

All had non-regenerative anemia, MOST severe thrombocytopenia, fever (lots splectomized and on chemo)

119
Q

Which breed of dogs gets Cyrpto more?

A

Cockers

120
Q

Which Crypto is seen in dogs?

A

C. neoformans - Disseminated and CNS

121
Q

Which Crypto is seen in cats?

A

C. gatti - nasal and cutaneous

122
Q

With Pneumocystis carinii which breeds are common and why?

A

Dachshunds - Immunodef (decreased IgG, A, M, no B cells and dec T cell fxn)
CKCS (IgG def)

123
Q

In dogs with blasto what are the best treatments?

A

itraconazole (90%), fluconazole (75%)

124
Q

What false + can occur with galactomannan Ag serum test?

A

Plamalyte, other systemic mycotic infections (crypto, histo)

125
Q

What false negative can occur with galactomannan Ag serum test?

A

Pulmonary only infections!!!

126
Q

In dogs/cats after Katrina, which infectious dz were seen?

A

Dogs: WNV, HWD, toxo
Cats: Bartonella (90%), and toxo

Infectious Disease (3 decks)

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