CVT Infectious Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What is a concentration dependent abx?
A
o Clinical efficacy determined by Cmax:MIC and AUC:MIC o Generally have prolonged postantibiotic effects = can do SID dosing o Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, metronidazole, azithromycin
2
Q
What is a time dependent abx?
A
o Clinical efficacy determined by T>MIC o Penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides/lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides
3
Q
What should you suspect if you have alkaline urine?
A
Urease-producing bacteria (Staph if gram+ cocci and Proteus if gram - rod)
4
Q
What should you suspect if you have acidic urine?
A
E. coli (Gram - rods), Enterococcus (gram+ cocci)
5
Q
What is the only oral abx that is effective against pseudomonas?
A
Fluoroquinolones
6
Q
What is the most common cause of UTI?
A
E. coli
7
Q
What is the most common cause of pyoderma?
A
Staph intermedius
8
Q
What is the major concern for upper respiratory tract infections in cats?
A
Bordetellas, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila
9
Q
If you are trying to treat B-lactamase Bacteroides fragilis what should you consider?
A
Clindamycin and Metronidazole
10
Q
Name 2 resp infectious dz where steroids may be helpful.
A
Tracheobronchitis - Anti-inflammatory Fungal pneumonia - as ogranisms die off - anti-inflammatory
11
Q
What is the most common veneral disease in dogs?
A
Brucella canis
12
Q
How is Brucella transmitted?
A
Direct exposure through body fluids
13
Q
What disease can result in scrotal dermatitis?
A
Brucella canis
14
Q
How is Brucella diagnosed?
A
o Screening: RSAT, tube agglutination (semiquantitative), AGID, or ELISA § Sensitive but nonspecific (cross-reaction w/ Bordetella, Pseudonomas, Moraxella o Confirmatory blood cultures: if screening test positive § Recent PCR assay developed
15
Q
What is the treatment for Brucella?
A
Neuter and abx
16
Q
What is the most prevalent serovar of Lepto in US?
A
Grippotyphosa
17
Q
What breed may have a predisposition to Lepto?
A
GSD
18
Q
What is the classic presentation of Lepto?
A
Acute renal failure (90%) - May be PU/PD profound even if not azotemic Hepatic Failure in 10-20% of cases
19
Q
What has an important role in pathogenicity in Lepto?
A
Outer membrane protein
20
Q
What is the major concern for upper respiratory tract infections in dogs?
A
Bordetella
21
Q
What is the gold standard for Lepto diagnosis?
A
MAT (microagglutination test) Tier > 1:800 with CS
22
Q
IF animal recently vaccinated for lepto what can happen with diagnosis?
A
MAT (microagglutination test) Vaccine can induce titer 1:3200
23
Q
What is recommended for lepto testing now?
A
MAT (microagglutination test) and PCR (urine)
24
Q
Which abx eliminated leptospiremic phase but does NOT eliminate organism from renal tubules?
A
Ampicillin
25
Which abx elimiated all phases of Lepto and eliminated leptospiruria?
Doxycycline
26
What is the current recommendation for treatment of lepto?
ampicillin IV in hospital and then transitions to oral doxycycline x 3-4 weeks
27
Why do some animals with lepto have thrombocytopenia?
Kuppfer cell phagocytosis
28
What type of bacteria is Bartonella?
Gram Negative
29
Which Bartonella spp results in persistent intravascular infection in dogs? What is the vector?
Bartonella vinsonii ssp berkhoffii Rhipicephalus sanguineus (other ticks)
30
Which Bartonella spp results in persistent intravascular infection in cats? What is the vector?
Bartonella henselae and clarridgeiae Fleas
31
When should you consider tx for Bartonella in a cat?
Consider abx treatment in cats who are seropositive or bacteremic (culture or PCR+) and have clinical manifestations, but not healthy seropositive cats
32
What is the most thoroughly estimated disease associated with Bartonella vinsonii?
Endocarditis
33
Name other diseases that occur with Bartonellosis.
epistaxis, dermatologic lesions indicative of cutaneous vasculitis, anterior uveitis, polyarthritis, meningoencephalitis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, IMTP, IMHA, probably others
34
What improves sensitivity of diagnosing Bartonella?
BAPGM followed by PCR
35
What infectious disease is associated with acute hemolytic anemia in cats?
Mycoplasma haemofelis
36
What is the preferred method to diagnose Mycoplasma infections?
PCR
37
Where is Mycoplasma haemofelis and M. haemocanis locations?
On surface of RBCs
38
What is the tx of choice for Mycoplasma?
Doxycycline (fluoroquinolones can decrease organism #)
39
What is the caustive agent of Infectious canine thrombocytopenia?
Anaplasma platys o Infects thrombocytes à cyclic TCP (lessens in severity with each cycle); 1-2 week cycles o Tick vector: suspect Rhipicephalus o Often discovered incidentally; can cause epistaxis/petechiae
40
What is the vector for Anaplasma platys infections?
suspect Rhipicephalus
41
Which organism results in granulocytic anaplasmosis?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum o Infects WBCs (neutrophils \> eosinophils) o Tick vector is Ixodes; most transmission in spring/summer and fall
42
Which cell does Anaplasma platys infect?
Platelets
43
Which cell does Anaplasma phagocytophilum infect?
WBCs (neutrophils \> eosinophils)
44
What is the vector of Anaplasma phagocytophilum?
Ixodes
45
What is the most common bloodwork finding with Anaplasma phagocytophilum?
Thrombocytopenia
46
If you find basophilic inclusion bodies within platelets you should be thinking of….
Anaplasma platys
47
If you find basophilic morulae in cytoplasma of granulocytes you should be thinking of…..
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and E. ewingii
48
Which organism has indistinguishable morule with Anaplasma phagocytophilum?
E. ewingii
49
What are the 4 organisms that are tested for on the SNAP 4Dx?
D. immitus, A. phagocytophilum, B. burgdorferi, E. canis
50
Will A. platys cross react on the SNAP 4Dx?
YES, it will cross react with A. phagocytophilum in this test
51
What is the treatment of choice for Anaplasmosis?
Doxycycline (28 days)
52
What organism causes North American canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL)?
· North American canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) → protozoan parasite Leishmania infantu
53
What are the life stages of Leishmania?
Intracellular within macrophages
Excellular promastigotes (infective stage) - within skin
Amastigotes (binary fission within macrophages)
54
If an animal presents with these CS (Wt loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, periocular, facial, auricular dermatitis with exfoliation and development of cutaneous ulcers over boney protuberances (extension to trunk/extremities), ocular d/c (from KCS)) what should you consider?
Leishmania
55
If an animal has cutaneous lesions from Leishmania, whar can be implies?
There is also visceral involvement
56
What disease can result in a purulent exudative synovitis?
Leishmania
57
What CS should alert you to suspect that a dog has Leishmania?
chronic skin lesions, ocular discharge, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, wt loss
58
What form of Leishmania can you see on FNA of spleen, LN, BM, skin imprints?
Amastigotes
59
In Leishmania why is there a hyperproteinemia?
hypergammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia
60
What is considered to be a postive IFAT for Leishmania?
Titer of 1:64
61
In the Leishmania PCR (blood, BM. LN) what is amplified that is common in all Leishmania spp?
conserved minicircle of kinetoplast = extracellular DNA structure of parasitic flagellates
62
In what samples should PCR be performed for Leishmania?
Higher in BM and LN than in blood
63
What is a more rapid testing method that is available for Leishmania?
Recombinant Antigen Immunassay (rK39)Repetitive immunodominant epitope that mimics kinesin-related protein that is highly conserved among viscerotropic Leishmania spp - Detected in 90% of infected dogs
64
Which oragnism cross reacts with Leishmania on IFAT?
Trypanosoma cruzi
65
What is the tx for Leishmania?
Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime)
Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam)
Need to get through CDC - Controversial if we should treat
· Parasitic cures are UNCOMMON, but CLINICAL IMPROVEMENTS do result
Also consider allopurinol; marbofloxacin??
66
How can Leishmania be prevented?
Commerical vaccine - proven effective in reducing infection rates in dogs and humans in endemic regions = LeishmuneR
67
Can dogs produce oocyts of T. gondii?
§ Dogs DO NOT produce oocysts, but can mechanically transmit oocysts after ingesting feline feces
68
What are the life stages of Toxoplasmosis?
o Sporozoites develop in occysts after 1-5 days after exposure to oxygen and environmental temps/humidity
§ Store feces in fridge to protect staff
o Tachyzoites: Rapidly dividing stage; disseminate in blood or lymph during active infection and replicate rapidly intracellularly until cell is destroyed
§ Tachyzoites can be detected in blood, aspirates, effusions
o Bradyzoites: Slowly dividing, persistent tissue stage that form in extraintestinal tissue of infected hosts (as immune response attenuate tachyzoite replication)
§ Readily in CNS, muscle, visceral organs
§ Can be a source of reactivated acute infection (during immune suppression by FIV, high dose cyclosporine, etc) or chronic disease (uveitis)
69
What is true about the bradyzoites that are in tissue in dogs, cats, and humans?
Persist for LIFE, regardless of drugs given
70
T/F. Chronic GI disease in cats from toxo is UNCOMMON
TRUE
71
What are the most commonly invaded tissues in toxoplasmosis?
Hepatic, pulmonary, CNS, pancreatic tissue commonly invaded
72
Although steroids do NOT appear to activate toxoplasmosis, which drug can?
Cyclosporine! Fatal disseminated toxo
73
What CS are present in a cat with chronic toxoplasmosis?
Anterior or posterior uveitis, fever, muscle hyperesthesia, weight loss, anorexia, seizures, ataxia, icterus, diarrhea, or pancreatitis
74
What is the most common infectious cause of uveitis in cats?
Toxoplasmosis
75
Are there drugs that can clear Toxoplasmosis?
NO drugs totally clear toxoplasmosis from body - Need to tell owner this
76
What are the 3 main body systems affected with diseeminated toxoplasmosis?
Respiratory, GI, Neuromuscular
77
What correlated best with clinical toxoplasmosis?
IgM titer, BUT □ Failure to detect an increasing IgG titer or + IgM titer does NOT exclude toxo
Esp in chronic dz
78
Is the magnitude of the titer important in Toxoplasmosis?
NO, since you can't clear the organism, you will have Abs for life
79
What is recommended for a diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis?
1. CS of toxo; 2. Abs in serum (exposure to organism); 3. IgM titer \> 1:64 or 4X or greater increased in IgG (recent or active infection); 4. Exclusion of other common causes of clinical syndrome; 5. Positive response to tx
80
What are the 2 main treatments for toxoplasmosis?
Clindamycin and TMS (pentrates CNS better
81
What is the prognosis for hepatic and pulmonary toxoplasmosis?
POOR, esp if immunocompromised
82
Which infectious organism can alter behavior of prey?
Toxoplasmosis
83
Why is owning a cat not a common way to get toxoplasmosis?
o Cats generally shed oocysts for day to several wks following primary inoculation
o Repeat oocyst shedding is rare (even in cats on steroids/cyclosporine or infected with FIV/FeLV)
o Cats inoculated with tissue cysts 16 months after primary inoculation do not shed oocysts
o Cats are very fastidious, do not allow feces to remain on skin for long periods (NOT enough time for oocyst to sporulate) – Not isolated from fur of cats
o Increased risk of acquired toxo is NOT associated with cat ownership
§ However, some cats will repeat shed oocysts and thus feces should always be handled carefully
84
Can serologic testing help to predict if a cat will shed toxoplasmosis?
NO, Most cats that are shedding oocysts are seronegative
85
What is the mode of transmission of Pneumocystis?
Airborne droplets btwn hosts
86
What are the life stages of Pneumocystis carinii?
Completed within alveolar space (organism adhere in clusters to pneumocytes)
* 2 Main Forms: Trophozoite; Cyst
87
Which organism is thought to be intraalveolar?
Pneumocystis carinii
88
Which infectious disease should you think of with miniature dachshunds?
Pneumocystis carinii
89
What is a risk factor for developing Pneumocystis carinii?
Immunodeficiency
90
What are the methods for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii?
Direct identification (lung bx, BALF), IFA, PCR, Serology
91
What is the treatment for Pneumocystis carinii?
TMS
92
What is an intracellular protozoan that is found in feline RBCs?
Cytauxzoon felis
93
What are the 2 forms of Cytauxzoonosis?
§ Erythrocyte Phase (piroplasm)
§ Tissue Phase (Schizont)
94
What is the reservoir host of Cytauxzoon felis?
Wild bobcat
95
What is the vector of Cytauxzoon felis?
Dermacentor variabilis- American Dog Tick
96
What time of year is Cytauxzoon felis found?
Early spring to early summer
97
What is a hyperendemic foci with Cytauxzoon felis?
infection in 1+ cats in multiple households = Likely resulting from common exposure to ticks rather than cat-cat transmission
98
What determines clinical dz in cats with Cytauxzoon felis?
Clinical dz in cats depends on exposure to schizogenous tissue phase of C. felis
99
What is required for the life cycle of Cytauxzoon felis?
```
Piroplasms cannot progress through life cycle without passing through tick (TICK NEEDED for life cycle → Transtadial transmission)
o Schizogony (asexual reproduction) in mononuclear phagocytic cells associated with vessels in almost EVERY organ
o As Schizonts undergo schizogony/binary fission → Macrophages lining blood vessels enlarge = Occlude venules in liver, spleen, lung, LNs → Thrombus-like mechanical obstruction of blood flow and tissue hypoxia
§ Suspected to release toxin, pyrogenic, and vasoactive products that contribute
§ Detected by 12 days after infection = Venous congestion, thrombotic dz, organ failure → DEATH within 3 weeks of infection
o Schizonts = DISEASE (more schizonts = more severe illness)
o Schizonts develop merozoites that are released when infected macrophages rupture
§ Merozoites undergo endocytosis by erythrocytes → Late-stage erythroparasitemia = Piroplasms
```
100
What disease should be considered if a cat presents with Depression, dehydration, anorexia followed by fever (as high as 107° F), icterus, anemia, dark urine, tachycardia, splenomegaly, variable hepatomegaly, reluctance to move, vocalizing with generalized pain?
Cytauxzoon felis
101
If you notice a § Pleomorphic, 1-2um “signet ring” (round to oval with single peripherally located nucleus)
□ Or as elongated bipolar nucleus (“safety pin”), comma-shaped, linear, or tetrad (“Maltese cross”), it is likley that you have?
= C. felis
102
What percentage of cases with C. felis will have low # or absent piroplasma in RBCs?
Up to 50%
103
In a cat with C. felis what can be seen in splenic, LN, liver, and BM aspirates?
schizont-laden macrophages
104
In what organs can the large schizont-laden macrophages of C. felis be found?
lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, LNs, BM, heart, brain
105
What disease should be considered if you have the following: acute onset fever, depression, icterus, anemia, hepatosplenomegalyFree-roaming cat with exposure to ticks in endemic area?
C. felis
106
T/F. Dz from schizogenous phase may precede detectable erythroparasitemia.
True - § Dramatic increases in piroplasms within 24 hrs (keep checking smear)
107
What is the current tx recommendation for C. felis?
Atovaquone and azithromycin
108
What organ systems do coccidioides immitis infects?
Resp tract, skeleton, skin, percardium
109
What organ systems do Histoplasma capsulatum infect?
Resp tract, liver, spleen, GIT (dog), skeleton, eyes
110
What organ systems do Blastomyces dermatitidis infect?
Resp tract, bone, LN, eyes, brain, skin/SQ tissue, external nares
111
If pericardial effusion with pyogranulomatous pericarditis, think of…..
Coccidiodomycosis
112
IF myocardial or conduciton system dz, think……
Blastomycosis
113
What is the diagnostic of choice for Cryptococcosis?
Serology detect capsular antigen
114
What us the diagnostic of choice for blastomycosis?
Urine antigen assay (more sensitive than serum) -
§ Sensitivity: 93%
§ Specificity: 98%
o May be helpful to determine duration of tx
o Cross-reactivity between the Histoplasma and Blastomyces organisms
115
In the blastomycosis urine antigen test which organism can cross-react?
Histoplasma
116
What is the treatment of choice for Coccidioides immitis?
ketoconazole or fluconazole
117
What is the treatment of choice for Histoplasma capsulatum?
Itraconazole (Amphotericin B if in GIT)
118
What is the treatment of choice for Blastomyces dematitidis?
Itraconazole
119
What is the treatment of choice of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Itraconazole and terbinafine
120
What is the organism that results in fatal GI and cutanous lesions in dogs/cats?
Pythium insidiosum
121
What is the infective form of pythium?
· Infective form: motile biflagellate zoospore → Released into aquatic environments
o Infection by encysting damaged skin and GI mucosa
122
What should be considered in a patient that has recurrent exposure to warm freshwater habitats and has GI signs and cutaneous lesions?
Pythium insidiosum
123
What is the most common location for GI Pythium insidiosum?
Gastric outflow, proximal duodenum, ileocolic junction = Segmental thickening
124
T/F. For pythium: Cutaneous + GI lesions RARELY seen together in same patient
TRUE
125
What is an organism that can result in nasopharyngeal lesions and invasive SQ masses in cats?
Pythium insidiosum
126
What organism can be missed on endoscopic bx?
Pythium insidiosum
127
What is a highly sensitive and specific method to detect Pythium?
ELISA - Detects anti–P. insidiosum antibodies (dogs/cats) = Also very useful for monitoring response to tx
128
Why is medical tx for Pythium NOT rewarding?
o Likely because ergosterol (target for most currently available anti-fungals) – Generally LACKING in oomycete cell membrane
BUT, some clinical and serologic cures in patients tx with itraconzole and terbinafine BUT
129
What is Lagenidium giganteum?
Mosquito larval pathogen that EPA approved biologic pesticide to control mosquito populations
130
Which organism Pythium or lagenidium can be seen on H &E?
Lagenidium
131
What is needed to diagnose Lagenidium?
Serology + histopath with negative pythium serology
BUT best made by culture (differenitate bwtn 2 pathogenic spp)
132
What is the treatment of choice for Lagenidium?
SX - Medical treatment is NOT effective!
133
What are the 4 core vaccines for dogs?
Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2) (for its ability to protect against canine hepatitis [CAV-1]), and rabies vaccines
134
What are the serovars in the lepto vaccines?
canicola, icteroharmorrhagiae, pomona, grippotyphosa
135
What are the core vaccines for cats?
Parvovirus, Herpesvirus-1, Calcicivirus, Rabies
136
What type of virus is FIV?
Lentivirus
137
What type of virus is FeLV?
Oncornavirus (MOST pathogenic)
138
Which feline retrovirus is difficult to transmit?
FIV = Biting and fighting
139
Which feline retrovirus is transmitted via fomites?
FeLV - Fomites, grooming, close contact
140
What will occur with cats that are vaccinated with FIV?
The serology will be +
141
What occurs in naïve cats when they are exposed to FeLV?
production of virus neutralizing Ab – either infection cleared or latent or persistently viremic
142
What can be given to FIV and FeLV + cats to increased RBCs (and WBCs)?
rHu-EPO
143
What did FeLV+ cats get that resulted in longer survival?
Feline Interferon Omega
144
If a cat presents with fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, oral ulcerations and/or chronic stomatitis, you should consider?
Feline Calicivirus
145
If a cate has lameness what viral infection should you consider?
Feline Calicivirus
146
What type of virus is calicivirus?
RNA = Rapid mutation
147
What are the possibilities once a cat is infected with calicivirus?
Shedding of virus may terminate in wks to months
Development of persistent oropharyngeal infection with continous shedding = carrier state
148
What virus should be considered in a cat that has severe respiratory distress, GIT signs, icterus, and ulcerations on nose, lips, pinnae?
FCV-associated virulent systemic disease = HIGH moratlity rate (50%)
149
What is the test of choice to diagnose feline calicivirus?
FCV virus isolation and culture from oronasal swabs/secretions (PCR is hard since it is an RNA virsu)
150
What disease is likely with intraRBC protozoan parasites in dogs?
Babesiosis
151
Which Babesia is found in greyhounds?
Babesia canis
152
What is the treatment of choice for Babesia canis?
Imidocarb - clearance of parasite
153
Which Babesia is found in pit bulls?
Babesia gibsoni
154
What is the treatment of choice for Babesia gibsoni?
Atovaquone and azithromycin - resulted in parasite clearance in 85% of cases
155
What are the classic CS of Babesiosis?
anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperbilirubinemia, fever and splenomegaly, rarely bilirubinuria = Should be considered for all IMHA or IMTP
156
What is the most virulent Babesia?
B. canis rossi (S. Africa)
157
What is the diagnostic of choice for Babesia?
PCR (once on tx recheck 2 PCR 30 days apart)
158
What is considered the vector of Babesia canis?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
159
What type of virus is Canine influenza?
• Orthomyxoviridae family – influenza A virus (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase envelope glycoproteins)
160
What percentage of asympatomatic dogs may shed influenza virus?
10-20%
161
What is the most common CS of canine influenza?
Cough (other fever, nasal dc)
162
What is the treatment for canine influenza?
Most cases are self-limiting, occasionally complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia and antibiotic therapy based on C&S may be required
163
What is the breakdown of feline coronavirus in the cat population?
○ Transient FCoV infection (65% of cats)
○ Persistent infection (13% of cats)
○ FIP (5-10% of cats)
○ Resistant to FCoV infection (~3% of cats)
164
What drives clinical disease in feline coronavirus?
• FoCV infected macrophages release cytokines that drive clinical disease
IL-6 = acute phase proteins (AGP)
165
What could be considered to treat FIP?
Steroids and interferon-w
166
What is the vaccine for feline coranavirus and is it recommended?
Primucell - Not recommended
167
What is important about getting a + FeLV test?
Cat can RECOVER at any stage of infection so you need to RETEST in TWELVE WKS = § Since disease prevalence is low PPV is low (ie. False positives are high)
168
What breeds do you think of when Mycobacterium avium?
Siamese cats and Basset hounds
169
What is the definitive host of Hepatozoan canis?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown Dog tick)
170
What is the definitive host of Hepatozoan americanum?
Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick)
171
What is the intermediate host of Hepatzoan?
Dog!
172
How are dogs infected with Hepatozoan?
Dog must ingest the tick!! To become infected - Once into macrophages = Meronts - merozoites are formed within meronts and released and then infect leukocytes to become gametocytes (tick ingests these)
173
What are the most common CS assoicated with Hepatozian americanum infections?
Fever, chronic wt loss, mucopurulent ocular d/c, gait changes
174
What disease should you think of with MARKED leukocytosis with mature neutrophilia?
Hepatozoan americanum
175
What are common findings on Chemistry for hepatozoonosis?
Elevated ALP, hypoglycemia, and hypoalbuminemia
176
How do we diagnose Hepatozoonosis?
Directly seeing gametocytes on bloodsmear
Muscle bx =Cysts
PCR (Auburn)
177
Why may radiographs of long bones help with Hepatozoonosis?
Periosteal proliferation may be seen on various bones
178
What is the treatment for Hepatozoonosis?
No treatment that will eliminate organism from host!!! Remission with TMS, pyrimethamine, clindamycin for 14 days
179
What can be used to keep dogs with Hepatozoonosis in remission?
Decoquinate (coccidiostat) - yrs, without it 10-12 months
180
What percentage of dogs with H. americanum will have concurrent disease?
About 50% will have other tick borne disease - use doxy too
181
What virus causes dendritic keratitis?
Feline herpesvirus
182
What is the full name of Lepto and what are the serovars?
Leptospira interogans
Canicola, ictero, grippo, bratislava, pomona, australis, autumalis
183
Where is Lepto present in reservoir?
Within Renal tubules - Can be shed for life!!
184
Does the lepto vaccine result in a + PCR?
No
185
What is the overall survival with Lepto?
About 80% worse with respiratpry or severe azotemia
186
Which Lepto serovar has the worset renal disease?
Pomona
187
Which Lepto serovar has the worest pulmonary signs?
Ictero
188
Which Lepto serovar has the worest liver signs?
Grippo
189
What percentage of dogs in endemic area with tick exposure will be Ab+ for Lyme disease?
About 20%
190
What is the caustive agent of Lyme?
Borrelia burgdoferi
191
What ticks transmit Lyme?
Ixodes = Converts OspA into OspC
192
Which breeds get Lyme nephritis?
Labs and goldens - No Borrelia in kidney = GN, tubular necrosis, LP nephritis
193
What is the best diagnostic for Lyme disease?
```
c6 ELISA (drops with tx too) - But does not always correlated with dz
Western Blot (Osp) = Vaccine: OspA; Infection: OspC
```
194
What is the treament of choice for Lyme disease?
Doxycycline for 30 days
TX if CS, if proteinuria, or if C6\>30
195
What type of virus is feline panleukopenia?
Parvovirus, Non-envel, ssDNA
196
What are several prognostic factors for feline panleukopenia virus?
Non-survivors had lower plts, leukocytes, albumin, and hypokalemia
197
What type of virus is FIV?
Lentivirus, ssRNA (retrovirus)
198
What is a major problem of chronic FIV infection in cats?
Chronic ulceroproliferative stomatitis (esp if co-infection with calicivirus)
199
What type of virus is FeLV?
Retrovirus - ssRNA
200
What does the ELISA for FeLV test for?
p27 soluble antigen
201
What is the Rivalta's test?
Used for FIP
High protein, fibrin, and inflammatory mediators leads to + result
202
What are negative prognostic factors for FIP?
Low Plt count, high bilirubin, high lymphocyte coung, large amount of effusion, and seizures
