Infecitous Disease Chart/Sykes Flashcards
1
Q
What is the reservoir for Lepto interrogans?
A
Renal tubules, can be shed for life
2
Q
Which Lepto interrogans has the worse renal disease?
A
POMONA
3
Q
Why do lepto dogs have increased bleeding tendency?
A
Endothelial dysfunction and coagulopathy
4
Q
Which electrolyte changes can be seen with Lepto resulting in acute interstitaial nephritis?
A
Dysfunction of Na/K ATPase = HypoK!
Glucosuria (77%)
5
Q
Which Lepto Serovar has been associated with chronic active hepatitis?
A
Grippo
6
Q
How long can a MAT titer from a lepto infection persist?
A
1 year
7
Q
What two factors can result in poor prognosis in lepto dogs?
A
Resp signs or severe azotemia (needing dialysis)
But 80% survival with dialysis
8
Q
What % of infections with Lyme result in dz?
A
Only 10%
9
Q
Which tick s transmit Borrelia?
A
Ixodes (scapularis and pacificus)
10
Q
What happens in the tick gut with Borrelia?
A
Adult tick has OspA and is converted to OspC once a blood meal is obtained
11
Q
A co-infection with which infectious disease can make Lyme dz worse?
A
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
12
Q
Is Borrelia found in kidney of dogs with Lyme Nephritis? Which dogs get it?
A
NO, not found in kidney
PROTEINURIA - Membranoproliferative GN (subendothelial IgM, IgG, C3)
Labs, goldens (shelties and BMD)
13
Q
What is the diagnostic of choice for Lyme?
A
C6 ELISA (found on SNAP 4Dx) - BUT does NOT always correlated with clinical dz
14
Q
What does the Lyme vxn do to Osp production?
A
Increased OspA
Infection would be an increased in OspC
15
Q
What Osp can be seen with chronic infections of Lyme?
A
OspF
16
Q
What are the 3 recommendations for treating Lyme? What is the treatment?
A
Doxycycline
- If CS (lameness, LN)
- Proteinuria
- C6 > 30
17
Q
How does the vxn for Lyme work?
A
OspA - Induced ABs to OspA that when tick takes blood meal neutralize(complement mediated lysis) OspA in midgut of tick = Preventing transmission
18
Q
What is the prognosis for Lyme nephritis?
A
POOR - Recommend immunosuppression with Mycophenolate
19
Q
What is the transmission of M. tuberculosis?
A
Inhalation (dogs, rare in cats)
20
Q
What is the transmission of the most common Mycobacterium in cats?
A
M. microti and M. bovis = Ingestion or inoculation
21
Q
What Mycobacterium are SLOW growing?
A
MTBC (tuberculosis, bovis, microti) - Associated with reservoir host
MAC (avium and intracellulare) - Associated with environment (opportunistic)
22
Q
What electrolyte change is associated with poor prognosis with Mycocaterium?
A
HyperCa (Vit D activation within MPs)
23
Q
What types of drugs are given for Mycobacterium?
A
Rifampin Ethambutol Marbo Clarthromycin Azithromycin
24
Q
Which breeds can get MAC (Mycobacterium avium)?
A
Siamese Abyssinian Bassets Min Schanzer Yorkies (IFN gamma def)
25
What causes Feline leprosy?
Mycobacterium lepraemurium - rodent bite wounds
26
What causes Canine leproid granuloma syndrome and which breeds do we see it in?
Mycobacterium simiae
GSD, Boxers, short haired dogs
Can spontaneously resolve
27
How do you diagnosis Brucella?
Need combo of tests
RSAT - Rapid Slide Agglutination (can X-react with other bacteria)
Need to confirm:
1. TAT (tube agglutination) 1:200 = Active infection
2. AGID (agar gel, reacts with cell wall and cytoplasmic)
Culture
PCR
28
What is the recommended tx of Brucella canis?
NOT effective bc it is sequestered - Euthanasia recommended dt zoonotic potential
Spay and neuter = tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin
29
What happens with Clostridium tetani in dogs?
Neurotoxin = Tetanospasmin
| Related to blocking SNARE proteins = No release of glycine and GABA = Loss of inhibition
30
What happens with C. tetani in cats?
Usually only localized infection in cats
31
What are the 3 stages of C. tetani?
1: Hypersensitive to light, sound = Facial spasms (erect ears, lips back)
2. Stiff gait, muscle stiffness, ridge limb extension
3. Recumbency +/- seizures
* **Survival decreased with class***
32
Does Antitoxin help with C. tetani?
NO, only helps with unbound toxin (does not hasten recovery) = Since binding is irreversible recovery = SLOW, new nerve terminal growth needed
TX: Metronidazole
33
What is the most common toxin of C. botulinum?
Type C1 toxin (there are 7 toxins)
34
What is the MOA with C. botulinum?
Toxin binds to chlolinergeric nn. and interferes with AcH release (cleaving SNARE protein) = LMN signs
Acute and rapidly progressive
35
What is the tx for C. botulinum?
Supportive care = Spontaneous recovery in 2-3 weeks
Antitoxin = No help
ABX can lyse bacteria releasing toxin = WORSE CS
36
Which infectious disease is associated with dysautonomia in cats?
C. botulinum (toxin specific IgA detected in feces and food of affected cats)
37
Can animals with Bartonella have ANA +?
YES
| Also ANA+ with E. canis
38
How many dogs seroconvert with bartonella?
ONLY 50%, therefore need serology and BAPGM
39
What infectious disease is associated with splenic nodules?
Bartonella
HSA: 25%
Fibrohisto Nodules: 30%
40
Should you treat every Bartonella + cat?
NO! Only treat cats with CS
41
In which breed does E. canis have a worse prognosis?
GSD
42
What factors are associated with poor prognosis in E. canis?
Leukopenia WBC
43
What is the reservoir and vector of E. canis?
R: Fox and coyotes
V: Rhipacephalus sanguineus (Brown Dog Tick)
44
What happens with chronic form of E. canis? What is the tx?
Pancytopenia (BM hypoplasia)
Hyperglobs (mono OR poly gammopathy)
TX: Doxy, EPO, G-CSF, pred, desmopressin
45
Where are the morulae of E. canis found?
Within monocytes (Can't differentiated from E. chaffeensis)
46
What is the problem with IFA-Ab for E. canis?
Can croxx react with other Ehrlichia spp
47
What is the reservoir and vector of E. chaffeensis?
R. White tailed deer
V: Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star Tick)
Causes - thrombocytopenia
Dogs may be reservoir too
48
What is the reservoir and vector of E. ewingii?
R: White tailed deer
V: Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star Tick)
49
Where are the morulae of E. Ewingii found?
Granulocytes (neutrophils)
| Looks like A. phagocytophilum
50
Where are the morulae of E. chaffeensis found?
Monocytes (can't differentiate from E. canis
51
Where are the morulae of A. phagocytophilum found?
Granulocytes (neutrophils) - Can inhibit neutrophil function
| Looks like E. ewingii
52
What is the reservoir and vector of A. phagocytophilum,?
R: Small animals
V: Ixodes
53
Which organism causes canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?
A. platys (thrombocytopenia for 1-2 weeks then normalize for 3-4 days)
54
Where are the morulae of A. platys found?
Platelets
55
What is the causative agent of Salmon Poisoning in dogs?
Neorickettsia helminithoeca which is within fluke (Nanphyetus salmincola)
56
How are dogs infected with Neorickettsia helminithoeca?
Dog eats fish with fluke in it (that has bacteria)
57
What is the treatment for Neorickettsia helminithoeca?
Doxy and praziquantel (mortality rate: 14%)
58
Which infectious disease can result in disease esp in Springer spaniels with PFK def?
RMSF
59
What are the vectors for RMSF?
```
Dermacenter variabilis (American Dog tick)
Rhip sang, Amblyomma
```
60
Why does hypoNa result in RMFS?
Syndrome of Inapporpriate ADH secretion
61
What are the vectors for Hepatozoon and how are dogs infected?
Hepatozoon Americanum - Ambylommma
H. canis - Rhipicephalus
Ingestion of TICK
62
What is the classic CBC findings in Hepatozoon animals?
```
Neutrophilic leukocytosis (200K)
Low platelets are uncommon
```
63
What does Hepatozoon look like on blood smear?
Within neutrophils and monocytes = Jellybean (HUGE) = Gamonts
Check buffy coat
64
How do you diagnose Hepatozoon?
Check buffy coat for gamonts
Antibodies OK
PCR of muscle bx (best)
65
What is the tx of Hepatozoon?
TMS, pyrimethamine, clindamycin = Decoquinate
| NO TX eliminated disease but improved CS
66
What can increased sen of seeing giardia trophozoites?
Look at duodenal contents
67
Which Giardia test is NOT recommended in cats?
SNAP (Ag ELISA)
68
How can you diagnose Giardia?
1. 3 ZnSO4 floats
2. SNAP (Ag ELISA)
3. FAb Coproscopy (gold standard)
69
What diet change can help with Giardia and do probiotics work?
High fiber diet = inhibits trophozoites attachment to SI
| Fortiflora did NOT help
70
Which infectious disease can result in cerebellitis with cerebellar atrophy?
Neospora caninum
71
What happens with Neospora caninum congenital infections vs older dogs reactivation infection?
Congenital: Ascending paralysis, multifocal CNS, dysphagia, ME, death
Old dogs: Multifocal CNS +/- polymyositis
72
What is diagnostic for Neospora infection?
IFA: IgG > 1:200
73
What is the treatment for Neospora?
TMS + pyrimethamine +/- clindamycin
| NO STEROIDS!!
74
The ocular form of toxoplasmosis is more common in which coinfections?
FIV, FeLV, FIP + cats
75
What is the best for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis?
IgM correlated best with dz, since it is rarely seen in normal animals
BUT 20% do NOT develop IgM!!
IgM >1:64 or IgG 4 fold increase = recent or active infection
MOST sero+ for life!
76
In which disease in dogs is there are increased in prevalence of toxoplasmosis?
Polyradiculoneuritis
77
How long can a sporulated oocyst survived in environment?
Months to years
78
Is toxoplasmosis associated with cat ownership in HIV + humans?
NO!
79
Can dogs pass oocysts of toxoplasmosis?
ONLY if they eat feline feces that has oocysts in it
80
What is the vector for Leishmania infantum?
Sand fly
81
Which breed of dog gets Leishmania?
Foxhound
82
What are the classic bloodwork changes with Leishmania?
```
Hyperglobulinemia (poly OR mono)
Hypoalbuminemia
Proteinuria = PLN
Thrombocytopenia
Can be ANA +
```
83
What are the 3 forms of Leishmania?
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Visceral
84
What does Leishmania look like?
Amastigotes (small, look like fist with middle finger up) within MPs from skin, LNs, joints
85
Are Abs to Leishmania consistent with an infection?
YES, since the organism is NEVER eliminated
86
What is the treatment for Leishmania?
Antimony and allopurinol
| Relapse likely since organism is NOT eliminated
87
What is the causative agent of Chaga's disease? What is the vector?
Trypanasoma cruzi
| Vector: Reduvvid bugs - Kissing bugs
88
What are CS of Chaga's disease in dogs?
```
Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmia (AV block!!)
Myocarditis
Lar Par, neuro signs
If chronic = DCM +/- CHF
```
89
How is Chaga's disease diagnosed?
Flagellated trypomastigotes in blood, LN, effusion
| Serology = If + = infection (can cross react with Leishmania and the vaccine)
90
What is the treatment of Chaga's disease?
No approved drugs
Allopurinol
Benznidazole
91
Which Babesia is found in pit bulls?
B. gibsoni
92
Which Babesia is found in gray hounds?
B. canis
93
Can Babesia result in Coomb's + IMHA?
YES
94
What is the treatment for B canis?
Imdiocarb
95
What is the treatment for B. gibsoni?
Atovoquone and azithromycin
| +/-clindamycin
96
What happens with co-infections with Babesia?
Can results in worsen pathogenicity
97
What happens if you remove the spleen of a dog with Babesia?
They will NEVER clear the organism!!
98
What does B. canis and B. gibsoni look like?
Check capillary blood (ear tip)
B. canis = LARGE, paired piroplasms in RBC
B. gibsoni = Single piroplasms in RBC
99
Which Babesia has been associated with mucosal hemorrhage?
Babesia conradae
100
What is the natural host of C. felis?
Bobcat
101
Which ticks transmit C. felis?
Amblyommma
| Dermacenter (exp)
102
Which phase of C. felis is associated with disease?
Schizogenous phase = Occlude vessels within liver, lung, spleen, LNs
103
What is the treatment of C. felis?
Atovaquone and azithromycin
Heparin
Survival 60%
104
Are there cats that have C. felis with no history of CS?
YES
105
Cats with Mycoplasma hemofelis are 6X more likely to have which disease?
FIV
106
What is the most pathogenic Mycoplasma spp in cats?
M. hemofelis, BUT least prevalent!!
107
How frequent do you see Mycoplasma on cytology?
108
Can you use marbofloxacin to tx Mycoplasma in cats?
Yes, it will decrease # bugs, but will recur when stopped
109
What does Mycoplasma look like?
Epierythocytic parasite
110
What is the most common Mycoplasma in cats?
M. haemonminutum = Least pathogenic (mild anemia if at all)
Worse if FeLV infection!
Common carrier state
111
Which Mycoplasma in cats cannot be seen with microscope?
Mycoplasma turicensis
112
Which Mycoplasma is in chains?
M. hemocanis - Kennel dogs
| Generally normal but anemia in dogs w/o spleens
113
Can cats be infected with CPV?
Yes, CPV-2a, b, c (can even have mixed infections)
114
How do you diagnosis panleukopenia in cats?
ELISA Viral Antigen in feces (SNAP parvo test)
115
What are the prognostic factors for nonsurvivors of panleukopenia?
Low Plts
Low WBCs
Hypoalbuminemia
HypoK
116
How effective is the panleukopenia vxn and does it cover any KP parvo?
```
Very effective (esp MLV)
Protects against CPV2b
```
117
What happens if you give a MLV to a prego or kitten with panleuk?
Cerebral hypoplasia
118
Which virus is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in cats?
Panleukopenia virus = Parvo
119
What clades are the most common in FIV cats in US?
A, B, C (A-F - 6 clades)
120
Which sex is more likely with FIV?
Males (4.7X more likely)
121
What % of FIV cats remain asymptomatic for year to life?
88%
122
What are the 3 phases of FIV infection?
1. Acute - Fever leukopenia
2. Subclinical
3. Terminal = Opportunistic infections, neoplasia, myelosuppresion, neurologic (IM dz and IC dz!) = Live
123
What CS are seen with chronic FIV infection?
1. Wt Loss
| 2. Ulceroproliferative stomatitis (can have co-infection with calcivirus) - Lymphoplasmocytic
124
What is the diagnostic of choice for FIV?
```
Ab test (ELISA, SNAP) - Abs within 60 days
NOTE: Can revert to seronegative at end-stage dt such HIGH viral load
Confirm with second test: ELISA, or western/IFA = Complete 60 days apart
PCR not great (high false -) since viral load low in most cats
```
125
What is the tx for FIV?
NONE!
AZT - Improved CD4/CD* ratio, reduced severity of stomatitis
hINF-alpha - Improved survival
126
Are FIV cats more likely to develop LSA and Leukemia?
YES, 5X more likely
127
What % of shelter cats have FHV-1?
11% sero+
| More likely if > 6 months, neutered, or owner surrender
128
Which virus is mainly oculonasal d/c and keratitis?
FHV-1
| Esoinsophilic keratitis *symblepharons
129
Which drug is known to reduce CS, shedding, and disease severity in FHV-1 cats?
Famciclovir
130
Does the FHV-1 vxn protect against infection?
NO!!! It does not protect against infection or prevent the carrier state, BUT it does decreased dz severity
131
How many cats in the shelter have Ab for calicivirus?
About 37% - Persistent shedding (unlikely herpes that is intermittent)
132
Which virus is mainly oral uclerations and stomatitis?
Calicivirus
133
What was seen in cases with virulent calicivirus?
Systemic Disease - Vasculitis (disruption of intracellular tight junctions) - Edema fever, jt pain, icterus, HIGH mortality (>50%)
134
What resulted in improvement with calicivirus?
Fel-IFN-omega (w)
135
Which protein of FeLV is there a ton of in plasma?
p27
136
Which subgroup of FeLV is infectious and transmistted from cat to cat?
A (but B/C required A to replicate - developed de novo)
137
What are focal infections of FeLV:
Provirus DNA in some tissue (NOT in blood or BM)
138
How is FeLV transmitted cat to cat?
Saliva - grooming, eating, etc
139
Does susceptibility to FeLV decrease with age?
YES, highest in kittens
140
What are the 3 outcomes after a cat is infected with FeLV?
1. Abortive Infection - Virus eliminated (Ab + but Antigen neg)
2. Transient infection - Virus cleared (Antigen and Ab +)
3. Chronic infection - Persistent viremia (Ag+, Ab+, IFA +) - Die within 3 years OR Latent infection (clear viremia but persists in BM, Antigen neg, PCR BM+, IFA -) can recrudesce
141
How many cats exposed to FeLV do NOT develop true infection?
About 60-80%
142
What risk are FeLV cats for LSA?
HIGH, 60X risk within 2 years (mainly T cell) - Esp mediastinal LSA
143
Which FeLV subgroup results in macrocytic anemia?
A
144
Which FeLV subgroup results in neoplasia?
B
145
Which FeLV subgroup results in asplastic (pure red cell asplasia)?
C
146
What are the diagnostics of choice for FeLV?
1. ELISA - p27 soluble Antigen (+ within 30 days infection)
| Need to confirm with IFA of BM (detected intracellular p27 antigen) or recheck in 1-3 months
147
For FeLV what does ELISA +, IFA- mean?
Early or transient infection
148
For FeLV what does ELISA +, IFA + mean?
Persistent infection
149
For FeLV what does ELISA - , IFA + mean?
ALWAYS false result
150
What % of cases are PCR + but antigen negative?
About 10% latent infections
151
What tx options are there for FeLV?
felIFN-omega - improved survival
IFN-alpha - decreased viremia, decreased CS, and improved survival
(AZT no effect!)
152
What are the 5 main diseases with FeLV?
1. Neoplasia (leukemia and LSA (ALL))
2. Anemia (myelodysplastic/myelofibrosis +/- blasts; anemia of inflammatory dz, secondary IMHA
3. IM diseases (IM cytopenias, GN, uveitis, polyarthritis)
4. Neuro (envelop may be neurotoxic)
5. GI (eneteritis that resembles FPV)
153
What can result in sarcomas in cats with FeLV?
Feline sarcomas virus
154
What % of cats develop FIP in mutlicat households?
Only 5%
155
Which regions of the genome in coronavirus result in the ability of the virus to replicate in MPs?
3C or 7B mutation in these regions
156
What are the two main syndromes with FIP?
1. Effusive (50%) - unable to mount immune response
| 2. Dry form (70%) - Partial CMI - Pyogranulomatous
157
Which area of the intestine is common to get lesions of FIP?
Ileocecal junction
158
What is the Rivalata test? When can you get a false +?
Test for FIP - High protein with inflammatory mediators
| False +: LSA, bacterial peritonitis
159
What type of gammopathy is seen in FIP cats?
Can be poly or monocolonal
| Results in Alb: Glob ratio 0.8
160
Which protein was increased >3 in FIP cats?
Alpha1-acid glycoprotein (electrophoresis)
161
What is the problem with testing CPR in blood of FIP cat?
Avirulent virus can be found in the blood of some cats!!!
162
What is the gold standard to dx FIP?
Immunofluoroscent of FCoV antigen in MPs
163
What are the most effective treatments for FIP?
Steroids and IFN-alpha
164
What are negative prognostic indicators in FIP?
```
Low plt
High bilirubin
High Lymphoyctes
Lots of effusion
Seizures
```
165
What is the recommendations if a cat died of FIP in a house?
Wait 3 months to get a new cat (since FIP can persist in environment)
166
Which virus is very common in cats and results in NO CS?
Feline Foamy Virus (Syncytium forming virus)
167
Which viruses are ssDNA?
Panleukopenia and parvo
168
Which viruses are ssRNA?
Influenza, distemper, rabies
169
What virsus are +ssRNA?
Calici, corona
170
Which viruses affects the villus tips vs crypts?
Tips: Corona and rota
Crypts: Parvo
171
What is the most common form of CPV?
CPV-2b
172
Which virus can result in cerebellar hypoplasia in dogs?
Parvo
173
Does the SNAP test get all variants of CPV?
YES! But only intermittently shed and can be + with recent vxn
174
Which treatment has been shown to decreased severity of GI signs and mortality in dogs with parvo?
Feline IFN-omega
| sadly not as effective in cats
175
How do neurominidase inhibitors work with parvo?
Oseltamivir - Prevent neuraminidase dependent bacteria from translocating
176
What was associated with poor prognosis in dogs with parvo?
Leukopenia
SIRS
Rotties
177
Which breeds are at an increased risk of parvo?
```
Rotties
Dobies
Pit Bulls
Labs
GSD
```
MALES
178
Does the parvo vxn work fro CPV-2c?
YES :)
179
Which virus is associated with decreased citrulline?
Parvo in dogs
180
After infection do parvo dogs have protection?
YES, natural immunity following infection
181
How long is distemper shed in feces?
Up to 3 months!!
182
Which virus is associated with myoclonus?
Distemper
183
Which virus can result in metaphyseal lesions consistent with HOD?
Distemper
184
In which breed has MLV distemper vxn been associated with HOD?
Weimaraners
185
What is old dog encephalitis?
Animals that recover from distemper can maintain virus in CNS and develop disease later
186
What neurologic signs has the MLV distempter vxn been associated with?
Encephalitis
187
What is the virus that causes infectious K9 hepatitis?
Adenovirus 1
188
What 3 cells does adenovirus have tropism for?
1. Endothelial cells
2. Epithelial cells
3. Hepatocytes
189
Can you see icterus in adenovirus 1 in dogs?
Icterus is uncommon!!! Mainly increased LEs and prolonged clotting times
190
How is adenovirus 1 prevented?
Cross protection with CAV-2 vxn
191
Is adenovirus within the environment?
YES, it can survive for months!!!
192
Which two viruses cause epithelial destruction by killing Type II pneumocytes?
Adenovirus-1
| Parainfluenza
193
What is the cause of canine influenza?
H3N8
194
What are risk factors of getting K9 influenza?
Boarded dogs, doggy daycare, longer time in shelter
195
What breed was hemorrhagic pneumonia of K9influenza seen in?
Greyhounds
196
What is the best way to diagnosis K9 influenza?
Paired serology
197
How is the K9 influenza vnx helpful?
Significantly reduces severity and duration of CS
198
What infectious agents are associated with canine infectious resp diz complex (CIRDC)?
```
Mycoplasma
Bordetlla
Strep equi zooepidemicus
K9 Herpes virus
K9 Adenovirus-2
K9 distemper virus
K( parinfluenza
K9 Influenza
K9 resp coronavirus
Reovirus
```
199
In what population of dogs is enteric coronavirus seen?
CS in very young dogs
| NOT pancytotropic coronavirus (lungs, LN, kidney, liver, GI, spleen, CNS)
200
Which virus can result in fatal enteritis in puppies
Rotavirus
201
What allows herpes virus to spread in neonates?
Lower body temp
202
What causes fading puppy syndrome?
Herpesvirus
203
what virus results in featl resorption, abortion, and still births?
Hepresvirus
204
How long is rabies shed in saliva before CS?
2 weeks
205
What are the 3 phases of rabies infection?
1. Prodromal: Behavior changes (2-3 days)
2. Furious Form = Forebrain signs, photophobia, aggression, voice change
3. Dumb form = Paralytic (flaccid)
Death within 10 days!!!
206
What is the diagnostic of choice for rabies?
Direct IFA on fresh brain, can see Negri bodies too
207
After rabies vxn when is dog immunized?
Killed vxn, immunized 28 days later
208
What type pf virus is pseudorabies?
Herpes virus - Results in CNS signs, pruritus of head and hypersalivation; almost always fatal
209
What is the spp for Blasto?
Blastomyces dermatitides
210
What is the route of infection for Blasto?
Inhalation of conidiophores that are phagocytsed by MPs
211
What is associated with a negtaive prognosis for blastmycosis?
CNS signs
Severe lung changes
Lots of Bands
212
What is the budding pattern of blasto?
Broad based budding
213
What is the test of choice for diagnosis of blasto?
Miravista Antigen - Detects cell wall galactomannan - Performed on urine
214
What is the treatment for blasto? Success?
Itraconazole (90%), fluconazole (75%)
20-25% relapse!!!
Monitor tx with urine antigen test
215
What is the route of infection of Cryptococcus?
Inhalation of basisiospores
C. neoformans (dogs) - Bird poop (pigeon)
C. gatti (cats) - Hardwords
216
What is considered a negative prognostic indicator for Crypto in cats?
Altered mentation!!!
217
What is the budding pattern of crypto?
Thick clear capsule with narrow budding
218
How do you diagnose Crypto?
1. Cyto/histo (60%)
| 2. Serology: LAT for polysac capsular Antigen (can monitor during tx)
219
What is the treatment of Cyrpto?
AmphoB, fluconazole
| Up to 60% cure in cats and 30% cure in dogs
220
What is the prognosis of Cyrpto with CNS signs?
32% alive at 1 year :(
221
Which fungal infection results in skin fragility in cats?
Histo
222
What is the appearance of Histo?
Yeast with clear halo
223
What is the name of histo?
Histoplasma capsulatum
224
What test can be performed for histo?
Galactomannan Antigen on urine (cross reacts with blasto)
225
What is the treatment for histo?
Itraconazole, poor prognosis for disseminated disease
226
What is the name of coccidiodes?
Coccidiodes immitis
227
What is the most common CS seen with coccidiodes?
resp signs (cough, pneumonia), hilar lymphadenopathy
228
What is the appearance of coccidiodes?
Spherule with endospores
229
Can you use the urine antigen for coccidiodes?
NO
230
What % of cats with Sporothrix are fungemic?
34%!!
231
What is the name of Sporothrix?
Sporothrix schenki (ZOONOTIC)
232
What is the appearance of Sporothrix?
Cigar shaped
233
What is the tx for Sporothrix?
Potassium iodide, terbinafine (cure rate 38-80%)
234
What are main sites of Pythium insidiosum infection?
GI - Gastric outflow, ileocolic jxn, root of mensentery
235
What can be used to diagnose Pythium insidiosum?
Cyto/histo
ELISA for Antibodies (serology - that can be monitored with tx)
Culture
236
What is the treatment of Pythium insidosum?
Sx
| Itraconazole, terbinafine, amphoB, mefenoxame, immunotherapy
237
What is the mosquite larval pathogen?
Lagenidium spp
238
Which disease is associated with low to borderline low globulins (hypogammaglobulinemia)?
Pneumocystis carinii
239
What is the treatment for Pneumocystis carinii?
TMS* or pentamidine
240
What are the two forms of Prototheca (and spp)?
```
Prototheca wickerhammi (skin)
Prototheca zopfi (diseeminated)
```
241
How do you diagnosed Angiostongylus? What is the treatment?
Baermann
| Fenbendazole
242
What do cats eat to get Eureytram procyonis?
Snail to grasshopper to cat (pancreatic fluke)
243
What do cats eat to get Amphimerus pseudofelis?
Snail to fish to cat (bile duct fluke)
244
What is the best way to diagnose C. difficile?
Fecal toxin and get organism (PCR, antigen ELISA, culture)
245
What is the best way to diagnose C. perfringens?
C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)
246
What is the treatment fro Campylobacter?
Macrolides (azithromycin) or Fluoroquinolones
247
Which type of E.coli results in granulomatous colitis?
Adherent-invasive E. coli
| Boxer, Frenchies, Border Collies
248
What is the pathognomonic signs for granulomatous colitis?
Muscoal infiltration with PAS + MPs and E. coli (FISH tissue)
249
How many E. coli from granulomatous colitis are resistant to fluoroquinolones?
43%!!! Need to culture to know how to treat
