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Pathophysiology: Respiratory System > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific name for the common cold?

A

infectious rhinitis

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2
Q

Is the common cold a bacterial or viral infection?

A

It is viral

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3
Q

How many causative agents can cause the common cold?

A

More than 200 possible causative agents

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4
Q

How does the common cold spread?

A

Through respiratory droplets

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5
Q

What are the 2 most important methods to prevent the spread of infection?

A
  1. Hand washing

2. Respiratory hygiene

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6
Q

How is the common cold treated?

A

Symptomatically

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7
Q

While a patient is infected with the common cold, what, if any, type of secondary infections may occur?

  • What is the causative agent?
  • What are the symptoms?
A
  • Bacterial Infections
  • Streptococci
  • Purulent exudate; systemic signs (i.e. fever)
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8
Q

When does sinusitis usually occur? What is the causative agent?

A

It is usually a bacterial infection; secondary to a cold or allergy

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9
Q

What is the result of sinusitis?

A

obstruction of paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity

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10
Q

What is the pressure experienced by patients suffering from sinusitis caused by?
Where is this pressure located?

A
  • Pressure is caused by inflammation

- It is in the sinus cavity

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11
Q

What is the common name for Laryngotracheobronchitis?

A
  • Croup
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12
Q

Who often suffers from croup?

A

Children ages 1-2 years old

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13
Q

Is Laryngotracheobronchitis bacterial or viral?

A

Viral

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14
Q

What is the common causative organism for Laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Parainfluenza virus and adenoviruses

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15
Q

How does Laryngotracheobronchitis usually manifest itself in the beginning?

A

It begins as an upper respiratory infection

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16
Q

How does the Laryngotracheobronchitis infection spread through the body?

A

It starts as an upper respiratory infection.

Spreads to the larynx with inflammation resulting in obstruction.

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17
Q

What causes the “croupy cough”?

A

Obstruction in the larynx due to inflammation

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18
Q

What sound is heard on inspiration during Laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Inspiratory stridor

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19
Q

Does Laryngotracheobronchitis spread to the people around patient zero?

A

No, it is usually self-limited

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20
Q

What age range usually acquires epiglottitis?

A

Common in children ages 3-7

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21
Q

What is the mot common causative agent of epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

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22
Q

Does epiglottitis have an insidious onset or a rapid onset?

A

Rapid onset

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23
Q

What are common symptoms of epiglottitis? (5)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Sore throat
  3. Drooling
  4. Difficulty swallowing
  5. Heightened anxiety
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24
Q

What sitting position is characteristic of epiglottitis?

A

A tripod position

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25
Q

Where does swelling occur during epiglottitis? (3)

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Supraglottic Area
  3. Epiglottis
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26
Q

What does the swelling that occurs during epiglottitis cause? (2)

A
  1. Airway obstruction

2. Spasm of larynx common if area is touched with instruments

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27
Q

What are the 2 treatments for epiglottitis?

A
  1. Oxygen

2. Antimicrobial Therapy

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28
Q

What type of infection is Influenza?

A

A viral infection

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29
Q

What part of the respiratory system does Influenza affect? (upper or lower respiratory tract)

A

It can upper and lower respiratory tract

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30
Q

Which secondary infection frequently appears when a patient has influenza?

A

Viral Pneumonia

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31
Q

What type of virus is the influenza virus?

Which virus group does it belong to?

A
  • RNA Virus

- Myxovirus Group

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of influenza viruses?

A
  1. Type A
  2. Type B
  3. Type C
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33
Q

Which influenza virus is the most prevalent?

Why is this type so prevalent?

A

Type A

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34
Q

What cells does the influenza virus enter?

A

The respiratory mucosa

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35
Q

What does the influenza virus do in the respiratory mucosa?

What could it cause? (2)

A

It replicates

Inflammation and necrosis

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36
Q

Where could there be inflammation when a patient has influenza? (3)

A
  1. Sinuses
  2. Pharynx
  3. Auditory Tube
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37
Q

What are the acute clinical manifestations of influenza?

  • Systemic signs (3)
  • Pain (3)
  • Respiratory (2)
A
  • Systemic signs (3)
    • Fever
    • Chills
    • Marked Fatigue
  • Pain (3)
    • Headache
    • Aching pain
    • Sore Throat
  • Respiratory (2)
    • Unproductive cough (dry)
    • Nasal congestion
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38
Q

What is the main cause of death during the flu epidemic?

A

Pneumonia

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39
Q

How many types of treatment are there for influenza? What are those treatments?

A
  1. Symptomatic and supportive

2. Antiviral

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40
Q

When would you not treat influenza purely symptomatically/ supportively?

A

If a bacterial infection develops secondarily

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41
Q

What is the reason for using antiviral drugs? (2)

A
  1. May reduce symptoms and duration

2. Reduce the risk of infecting others

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42
Q

What is an example of an antiviral used against influenza?

A

Tamiflu (oseltamivir)

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43
Q

What preventative measures can be taken in regard to the influenza virus? (2)

A
  1. Respiratory Hygiene

2. Vaccination (not recommended to all but it is recommended for most)

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44
Q

What causes Scarlett fever?

A

Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus

S. pyogenes

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45
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of Scarlett fever?
Systemic (2)
GI (2)
Above the shoulders (2)

A
  1. Typical “strawberry tongue”
  2. Fever, Chills
  3. Sore throat
  4. Vomiting
  5. Abdominal pain
  6. Malaise
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46
Q

What is the treatment for Scarlett fever?

A

Antibiotics

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47
Q

What part of the respiratory tract does pneumonia affect?

A

The Lower Respiratory Tract

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48
Q

What is the classification of pneumonias based on? (4)

A
  1. Causative agent
  2. Anatomical location of infection
  3. Pathophysiological changes
  4. Epidemiological data
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49
Q

What are the 3 types of causative agents that could cause pneumonia?

A
  1. Viral
  2. Bacterial
  3. Fungal
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50
Q

Where could pneumonia be located? (2)

A

Throughout both lungs
or
Consolidated in one lobe

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51
Q

What pathophysiological changes could occur in pneumonia? (3)

A
  1. Changes in interstitial tissue
  2. Alveolar septae
  3. Alveoli
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52
Q

Where could someone acquire pneumonia? (The epidemiological data that helps with classification of pneumonia) (2)

A
  1. Nosocomial

2. Community- acquired

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53
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

A hospital - acquired infection

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54
Q

What is another name for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

A

Lobar Pneumonia

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55
Q

Is Pneumococcal Pneumonia community acquired or nosocomial?

Who does it usually affect?

A
  • It is community acquired

- young healthy adults

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56
Q

What usually causes pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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57
Q

Where is the infection of pneumococcal pneumonia located in the infected patient?

A

The infection is localized in one of more lobes

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58
Q

Where is the exudate accumulated in pneumococcal pneumonia patients?

A

The exudate is in the alveoli

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59
Q

What type of congestion is present in pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

Vascular congestion

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60
Q

What does the exudate of pneumococcal pneumonia contain?

Is it loose or firm?

A

Fibrin and it forms a consolidated mass

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61
Q

What color sputum does the exudate in pneumococcal pneumonia produce?

A

Rusty sputum

62
Q

Is the pneumococcal pneumonia disease consolidated to solely the lobes it affects or does it spread?

A

It frequently affects the adjacent pleurae/ the pleural cavity

63
Q

What is it called when the pneumococcal pneumonia infection spreads to the pleural cavity?

A

Empyema

64
Q

Does pneumococcal pneumonia have an insidious or acute onset?

A

Acute, sudden onset

65
Q

What are the systemic signs of pneumococcal pneumonia? (4)

A
  1. High fever
  2. Chills
  3. Fatigue
  4. Leukocytosis
66
Q

Define Leukocytosis

A

an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, especially during an infection.

67
Q

What symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia are related to a cough? (3)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Tachypnea
  3. Productive cough, typically rusty-colored sputum
68
Q

When listening to the chest of a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia, what do you hear in the lungs? What about the heart?

A

Lungs: Rales
Heart: tachycardia

69
Q

Where does a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia feel the pain?

A

They feel pleural pain

70
Q

How does a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia act?

A

They are confused and disoriented

71
Q

What pattern of infection occurs in bronchopneumonia? Does it affect both lungs or one lung?

A

Diffuse pattern of infection

It affects both lungs

72
Q

What is the cause of bronchopneumonia?

A

Several species of microorganisms may be the cause

73
Q

What type of exudate forms in bronchopneumonia and where does it form?

A

Inflammatory exudate forms in the alveoli

74
Q

Is the onset of bronchopneumonia insidious or acute?

A

Onset tends to be insidious

75
Q

What are the 3 symptoms associated with bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. Moderate fever
  2. Cough
  3. Rales
76
Q

The cough associated with bronchopneumonia, is it productive?
If so, what type of sputum is it and what color?

A

Yes, it is associated with purulent sputum. It is usually yellow or green

77
Q

What type of treatment is often used for bronchopneumonia?

A

Antibacterial treatment is often used.

78
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by Legionella pneumophila?

A

Legionnaires’ Disease

79
Q

What type of environment does Legionella pneumophila thrive in?

A

Warm, moist environments

80
Q

Is Legionnaires’ Disease community acquired or nosocomial?

A

It is often a nosocomial infection

81
Q

In order to ID Legionnaires’ Disease, what is required?

A

A specific culture medium

82
Q

What could an untreated infection of Legionnaires’ Disease cause? (4)

A
  1. Severe congestion
  2. Consolidation
  3. Lung necrosis
  4. Possibly fatal
83
Q

What are the two bacterial causes of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?

A
  1. Mycoplasma pneumonia

2. Chlamydia

84
Q

The Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia is common for which age category?

A

Older children and young adults

85
Q

The Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia is transmitted by ___.

A

Aerosol

86
Q

Is the Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia contagious?

A

Yes, but not extremely

87
Q

What is the prominent sign of the Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia?

A

A frequent cough

88
Q

How is the Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia treated?

A

Antibiotic therapy

89
Q

Is Chlamydial pneumonia severe?

A

No, it is a very mild form of pneumonia. So much so, it often goes undiagnosed.

90
Q

What are the 3 viral causes of the Primary Atypical Pneumonia?

A
  1. Influenza A or B
  2. Adenoviruses
  3. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)
91
Q

Is the cough associated with viral primary atypical pneumonia unproductive or productive?

A

Unproductive

92
Q

What are the symptoms associated with viral primary atypical pneumonia?
Upper respiratory (3)
Systemic (2)
Aches (1)

A
  • Unproductive cough
  • Hoarseness
  • Sore Throat
  • Headache
  • Mild Fever
  • Malaise
93
Q

What does SARS stand for?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

94
Q

What is the causative agent of SARS?

A

A microbe called: SARS-associated coronavirus

95
Q

How is SARS transmitted?

A

Close contact, respiratory droplets

96
Q

What re the first signs of SARS?
Systemic (2)
GI (2)
Pain (2)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Headache
  3. Myalgia
  4. Chills
  5. Anorexia
  6. Diarrhea
97
Q

What are the later signs SARS?
Re: Lungs
Is there a cough, is it productive?

A
  1. Dry cough
  2. Marked dyspnea
  3. Interstitial congestion
  4. Hypoxia
98
Q

What is the treatment for SARS?

A

Antivirals and glucocorticoids

99
Q

What are the risk factors for acquiring SARS? (monitored to prevent outbreaks)

A
  • Travel to endemic or epidemic areas
  • Close contact with infected person/ Employment involving close contact with the virus
  • Presence of a cluster of undiagnosed atypical pneumonia cases
100
Q

What happens when active SARS cases are identified?

A

Active cases are quarantined until patient is clear of infection

101
Q

What causes Tuberculosis (TB)?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

102
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

It is transmitted by oral droplets from persons with active infection.

103
Q

TB occurs most frequently in conjunction with (7):

A
  1. People living in crowded condition
  2. Immunodeficiency
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Alcoholism
  5. Conditions of war
  6. Chronic Disease
  7. HIV infection
104
Q

What is M. tuberculosis resistant to?

A

Drying, many disinfectants

105
Q

How long can M. tuberculosis survive in dried sputum?

A

Weeks

106
Q

What destroys M. tuberculosis? (5)

A
  1. UV light
  2. Heat
  3. Alcohol
  4. Glutaraldehyde
  5. Formaldehyde
107
Q

What organs does M. tuberculosis normally affect?

A

Primarily: Lungs

Can also effect: Kidneys and Bones

108
Q

During the primary infection of M. tuberculosis, if the patients cell-mediated immunity is adequate, what is the first step that the immune system takes?

A

Bacteria are engulfed by macrophages, this results in local inflammation.

109
Q

During the primary infection of M. tuberculosis, some bacilli migrate to lymph nodes, what type of hypersensitivity does this illicit?

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

110
Q

During the primary infection of M. tuberculosis, what clusters together to form a granuloma?

A

Macrophages and T lymphocytes

111
Q

What is a granuloma containing live bacilli of M. tuberculosis called?

A

Tubercle

112
Q

What type necrosis forms in the center of a TB tubercle?

A

Caseation necrosis occurs in the center of the tubercle

113
Q

In a healthy person, what happens to the lesions caused by M. tuberculosis?

A

The lesions calcify

114
Q

What tool can be used to see the tubercles caused by TB in a live persons chest?

A

Chest radiograph

115
Q

What are the TB lesions called when seen on a radiograph?

A

Ghon complexes

116
Q

How long can TB bacilli remain viable in a dormant stage?

A

For years

117
Q

If a person remains healthy, what happens to the bacilli in the tubercles?

A

The bacilli remain walled off

118
Q

What happens during the primary latent TB infection? (4)

  1. The individual must have been __.
  2. The individuals disease is active or inactive?
  3. The individual is symptomatic or asymptomatic?
  4. The disease is communicable (T/F)
A
  1. The individual must have been exposed and infected.
  2. The individuals disease is inactive
  3. The individual is asymptomatic
  4. False: The disease cannot be transmitted
119
Q

If cell-mediated immunity is inadequate, what does mycobacteria tuberculosis do in the lung tissue?

A

Mycobacteria reproduce and begin to destroy lung tissue.

120
Q

T/F

If cell-mediated immunity is inadequate, TB will not be contagious.

A

False!

121
Q

What is a secondary or re-infection of TB?

A

It occurs when a patient has had TB inactive in their body and due to cell-mediated immunity impairment, TB releases itself.

122
Q

What could cause a patients cell-mediated immunity to become impaired? (4)

A
  1. Stress
  2. Malnutrition
  3. HIV infection
  4. Age
123
Q

Once reactivated, what does TB do in th lungs?

What does this mean for its contagiousness?

A

It reproduces and infects the lungs.

This form can spread to others, it is contagious.

124
Q

What happens in Miliary or extrapulmonary TB that is unique?

A

Early dissemination to other tissues

125
Q

What age group is usually affected by Miliary or extrapulmonary TB?

A

It is a rapidly progressive form, more common in children <5y

126
Q

If lesions are not found in lungs in a patient who has Miliary or extrapulmonary TB, what does that mean for the contagiousness of the TB?

A

If lesions are not found in the lungs, this TB is not contagious.

127
Q

What are the 3 common symptoms associated with Miliary or extrapulmonary TB?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Failure to thrive
  3. Other secondary infections (i.e. measles)
128
Q

During active TB, regardless whether it is primary or secondary, when the organism multiplies what does that cause in the lungs?

A

Large areas of necrosis, large open areas in the lungs

129
Q

Define cavitation

A

Large open areas in the lungs

130
Q

What does cavitation promote in active TB?

A

The spread to other parts of the lungs, the infection may spread to the pleural cavity.

131
Q

During active TB a patient will present with ___. (3)

A
  1. Cough
  2. Positive sputum
  3. Visible cavitation in radiograph
132
Q

When is active TB highly infectious?

A

When there is close personal contact over time.

133
Q

What diagnostic tests are performed to check for first exposure or primary TB infection?

A

First exposed is indicated by a positive Tuberculin (skin) test.

134
Q

What diagnostic tests are performed to look for an active TB infection?

A
  • Acid-fast sputum test
  • Chest radiograph
  • Sputum culture
135
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

How much time does the treatment take?

A

Long term treatment involves a combination of drugs and can last between 6-12 months

136
Q

What does effective treatment involve?

A

Monitoring and close follow up. This is very expensive.

137
Q

In which population is TB becoming a problem? What is the cause?

A

In the homeless population, due to the sheer fact of being homeless, lack of healthcare, and over-crowding in shelters.

138
Q

What viral infection has lead to an increase in TB as a secondary infection?

A

HIV

139
Q

How has TB evolved to become more prevalent?

A

There is multidrug resistant TB.

140
Q

What is histoplasmosis caused by?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus

141
Q

How is histoplasmosis acquired?

A

Spore can be inhaled on dust particles

142
Q

Is Histoplasma capsulatum a primary pathogen or an opportunistic pathogen?

A

An opportunistic pathogen.

143
Q

T/F

Often in the first stage of the Histoplasmosis, a patient will be symptomatic.

A

False:

Often in the first stage of the disease, a patient will be asymptomatic.

144
Q

In the second stage of histoplasmosis, what happens in the tissues?

A

Granulomas form and necrosis occurs

145
Q

What are the 4 symptoms associated with histoplasmosis?

They are mostly systemic

A
  1. Cough
  2. Fatigue
  3. Fever
    4, Night Sweats
146
Q

What is the treatment for histoplasmosis?

A

Antifungals

147
Q

What type of infection is Anthrax?
What causes Anthrax?
Is it gram positive or gram negative?

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Gram positive
148
Q 
Regarding  Anthrax, 
What are the symptoms?
What respiratory symptoms are present?
What does the release of the toxins cause?
Is fatality rate low or high?
A
  • Flulike symptoms
  • Severe acute respiratory distress
  • Due to toxin release, shock occurs.
  • High fatality rate
149
Q

What antimicrobial agent is used against Bacillus anthracis?

A

Ciprofloxacin

150
Q

Is there a vaccine available for Anthrax?

A

Yes, an animal vaccine is available

151
Q

Who is the anthrax vaccine recommended for?

A

It is recommended for people working with the organism or in other professions that might cause exposure

Pathophysiology: Respiratory System (6 decks)

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