Infectious Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What is the scientific name for the common cold?
A
infectious rhinitis
2
Q
Is the common cold a bacterial or viral infection?
A
It is viral
3
Q
How many causative agents can cause the common cold?
A
More than 200 possible causative agents
4
Q
How does the common cold spread?
A
Through respiratory droplets
5
Q
What are the 2 most important methods to prevent the spread of infection?
A
- Hand washing
2. Respiratory hygiene
6
Q
How is the common cold treated?
A
Symptomatically
7
Q
While a patient is infected with the common cold, what, if any, type of secondary infections may occur?
- What is the causative agent?
- What are the symptoms?
A
- Bacterial Infections
- Streptococci
- Purulent exudate; systemic signs (i.e. fever)
8
Q
When does sinusitis usually occur? What is the causative agent?
A
It is usually a bacterial infection; secondary to a cold or allergy
9
Q
What is the result of sinusitis?
A
obstruction of paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity
10
Q
What is the pressure experienced by patients suffering from sinusitis caused by?
Where is this pressure located?
A
- Pressure is caused by inflammation
- It is in the sinus cavity
11
Q
What is the common name for Laryngotracheobronchitis?
A
- Croup
12
Q
Who often suffers from croup?
A
Children ages 1-2 years old
13
Q
Is Laryngotracheobronchitis bacterial or viral?
A
Viral
14
Q
What is the common causative organism for Laryngotracheobronchitis?
A
Parainfluenza virus and adenoviruses
15
Q
How does Laryngotracheobronchitis usually manifest itself in the beginning?
A
It begins as an upper respiratory infection
16
Q
How does the Laryngotracheobronchitis infection spread through the body?
A
It starts as an upper respiratory infection.
Spreads to the larynx with inflammation resulting in obstruction.
17
Q
What causes the “croupy cough”?
A
Obstruction in the larynx due to inflammation
18
Q
What sound is heard on inspiration during Laryngotracheobronchitis?
A
Inspiratory stridor
19
Q
Does Laryngotracheobronchitis spread to the people around patient zero?
A
No, it is usually self-limited
20
Q
What age range usually acquires epiglottitis?
A
Common in children ages 3-7
21
Q
What is the mot common causative agent of epiglottitis?
A
Haemophilus influenzae type B
22
Q
Does epiglottitis have an insidious onset or a rapid onset?
A
Rapid onset
23
Q
What are common symptoms of epiglottitis? (5)
A
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Drooling
- Difficulty swallowing
- Heightened anxiety
24
Q
What sitting position is characteristic of epiglottitis?
A
A tripod position
25
Where does swelling occur during epiglottitis? (3)
1. Larynx
2. Supraglottic Area
3. Epiglottis
26
What does the swelling that occurs during epiglottitis cause? (2)
1. Airway obstruction
| 2. Spasm of larynx common if area is touched with instruments
27
What are the 2 treatments for epiglottitis?
1. Oxygen
| 2. Antimicrobial Therapy
28
What type of infection is Influenza?
A viral infection
29
What part of the respiratory system does Influenza affect? (upper or lower respiratory tract)
It can upper and lower respiratory tract
30
Which secondary infection frequently appears when a patient has influenza?
Viral Pneumonia
31
What type of virus is the influenza virus?
| Which virus group does it belong to?
- RNA Virus
| - Myxovirus Group
32
What are the 3 types of influenza viruses?
1. Type A
2. Type B
3. Type C
33
Which influenza virus is the most prevalent?
| Why is this type so prevalent?
Type A
34
What cells does the influenza virus enter?
The respiratory mucosa
35
What does the influenza virus do in the respiratory mucosa?
| What could it cause? (2)
It replicates
| Inflammation and necrosis
36
Where could there be inflammation when a patient has influenza? (3)
1. Sinuses
2. Pharynx
3. Auditory Tube
37
What are the acute clinical manifestations of influenza?
- Systemic signs (3)
- Pain (3)
- Respiratory (2)
- Systemic signs (3)
- Fever
- Chills
- Marked Fatigue
- Pain (3)
- Headache
- Aching pain
- Sore Throat
- Respiratory (2)
- Unproductive cough (dry)
- Nasal congestion
38
What is the main cause of death during the flu epidemic?
Pneumonia
39
How many types of treatment are there for influenza? What are those treatments?
1. Symptomatic and supportive
| 2. Antiviral
40
When would you not treat influenza purely symptomatically/ supportively?
If a bacterial infection develops secondarily
41
What is the reason for using antiviral drugs? (2)
1. May reduce symptoms and duration
| 2. Reduce the risk of infecting others
42
What is an example of an antiviral used against influenza?
Tamiflu (oseltamivir)
43
What preventative measures can be taken in regard to the influenza virus? (2)
1. Respiratory Hygiene
| 2. Vaccination (not recommended to all but it is recommended for most)
44
What causes Scarlett fever?
Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus
| S. pyogenes
45
What are the 6 symptoms of Scarlett fever?
Systemic (2)
GI (2)
Above the shoulders (2)
1. Typical "strawberry tongue"
2. Fever, Chills
3. Sore throat
4. Vomiting
5. Abdominal pain
6. Malaise
46
What is the treatment for Scarlett fever?
Antibiotics
47
What part of the respiratory tract does pneumonia affect?
The Lower Respiratory Tract
48
What is the classification of pneumonias based on? (4)
1. Causative agent
2. Anatomical location of infection
3. Pathophysiological changes
4. Epidemiological data
49
What are the 3 types of causative agents that could cause pneumonia?
1. Viral
2. Bacterial
3. Fungal
50
Where could pneumonia be located? (2)
Throughout both lungs
or
Consolidated in one lobe
51
What pathophysiological changes could occur in pneumonia? (3)
1. Changes in interstitial tissue
2. Alveolar septae
3. Alveoli
52
Where could someone acquire pneumonia? (The epidemiological data that helps with classification of pneumonia) (2)
1. Nosocomial
| 2. Community- acquired
53
What is a nosocomial infection?
A hospital - acquired infection
54
What is another name for Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
Lobar Pneumonia
55
Is Pneumococcal Pneumonia community acquired or nosocomial?
| Who does it usually affect?
- It is community acquired
| - young healthy adults
56
What usually causes pneumococcal pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
57
Where is the infection of pneumococcal pneumonia located in the infected patient?
The infection is localized in one of more lobes
58
Where is the exudate accumulated in pneumococcal pneumonia patients?
The exudate is in the alveoli
59
What type of congestion is present in pneumococcal pneumonia?
Vascular congestion
60
What does the exudate of pneumococcal pneumonia contain?
| Is it loose or firm?
Fibrin and it forms a consolidated mass
61
What color sputum does the exudate in pneumococcal pneumonia produce?
Rusty sputum
62
Is the pneumococcal pneumonia disease consolidated to solely the lobes it affects or does it spread?
It frequently affects the adjacent pleurae/ the pleural cavity
63
What is it called when the pneumococcal pneumonia infection spreads to the pleural cavity?
Empyema
64
Does pneumococcal pneumonia have an insidious or acute onset?
Acute, sudden onset
65
What are the systemic signs of pneumococcal pneumonia? (4)
1. High fever
2. Chills
3. Fatigue
4. Leukocytosis
66
Define Leukocytosis
an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, especially during an infection.
67
What symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia are related to a cough? (3)
1. Dyspnea
2. Tachypnea
3. Productive cough, typically rusty-colored sputum
68
When listening to the chest of a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia, what do you hear in the lungs? What about the heart?
Lungs: Rales
Heart: tachycardia
69
Where does a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia feel the pain?
They feel pleural pain
70
How does a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia act?
They are confused and disoriented
71
What pattern of infection occurs in bronchopneumonia? Does it affect both lungs or one lung?
Diffuse pattern of infection
| It affects both lungs
72
What is the cause of bronchopneumonia?
Several species of microorganisms may be the cause
73
What type of exudate forms in bronchopneumonia and where does it form?
Inflammatory exudate forms in the alveoli
74
Is the onset of bronchopneumonia insidious or acute?
Onset tends to be insidious
75
What are the 3 symptoms associated with bronchopneumonia?
1. Moderate fever
2. Cough
3. Rales
76
The cough associated with bronchopneumonia, is it productive?
If so, what type of sputum is it and what color?
Yes, it is associated with purulent sputum. It is usually yellow or green
77
What type of treatment is often used for bronchopneumonia?
Antibacterial treatment is often used.
78
What type of pneumonia is caused by Legionella pneumophila?
Legionnaires' Disease
79
What type of environment does Legionella pneumophila thrive in?
Warm, moist environments
80
Is Legionnaires' Disease community acquired or nosocomial?
It is often a nosocomial infection
81
In order to ID Legionnaires' Disease, what is required?
A specific culture medium
82
What could an untreated infection of Legionnaires' Disease cause? (4)
1. Severe congestion
2. Consolidation
3. Lung necrosis
4. Possibly fatal
83
What are the two bacterial causes of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?
1. Mycoplasma pneumonia
| 2. Chlamydia
84
The Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia is common for which age category?
Older children and young adults
85
The Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia is transmitted by ___.
Aerosol
86
Is the Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia contagious?
Yes, but not extremely
87
What is the prominent sign of the Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia?
A frequent cough
88
How is the Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia treated?
Antibiotic therapy
89
Is Chlamydial pneumonia severe?
No, it is a very mild form of pneumonia. So much so, it often goes undiagnosed.
90
What are the 3 viral causes of the Primary Atypical Pneumonia?
1. Influenza A or B
2. Adenoviruses
3. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)
91
Is the cough associated with viral primary atypical pneumonia unproductive or productive?
Unproductive
92
What are the symptoms associated with viral primary atypical pneumonia?
Upper respiratory (3)
Systemic (2)
Aches (1)
- Unproductive cough
- Hoarseness
- Sore Throat
- Headache
- Mild Fever
- Malaise
93
What does SARS stand for?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
94
What is the causative agent of SARS?
A microbe called: SARS-associated coronavirus
95
How is SARS transmitted?
Close contact, respiratory droplets
96
What re the first signs of SARS?
Systemic (2)
GI (2)
Pain (2)
1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Myalgia
4. Chills
5. Anorexia
6. Diarrhea
97
What are the later signs SARS?
Re: Lungs
Is there a cough, is it productive?
1. Dry cough
2. Marked dyspnea
3. Interstitial congestion
4. Hypoxia
98
What is the treatment for SARS?
Antivirals and glucocorticoids
99
What are the risk factors for acquiring SARS? (monitored to prevent outbreaks)
- Travel to endemic or epidemic areas
- Close contact with infected person/ Employment involving close contact with the virus
- Presence of a cluster of undiagnosed atypical pneumonia cases
100
What happens when active SARS cases are identified?
Active cases are quarantined until patient is clear of infection
101
What causes Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
102
How is TB transmitted?
It is transmitted by oral droplets from persons with active infection.
103
TB occurs most frequently in conjunction with (7):
1. People living in crowded condition
2. Immunodeficiency
3. Malnutrition
4. Alcoholism
5. Conditions of war
6. Chronic Disease
7. HIV infection
104
What is M. tuberculosis resistant to?
Drying, many disinfectants
105
How long can M. tuberculosis survive in dried sputum?
Weeks
106
What destroys M. tuberculosis? (5)
1. UV light
2. Heat
3. Alcohol
4. Glutaraldehyde
5. Formaldehyde
107
What organs does M. tuberculosis normally affect?
Primarily: Lungs
| Can also effect: Kidneys and Bones
108
During the primary infection of M. tuberculosis, if the patients cell-mediated immunity is adequate, what is the first step that the immune system takes?
Bacteria are engulfed by macrophages, this results in local inflammation.
109
During the primary infection of M. tuberculosis, some bacilli migrate to lymph nodes, what type of hypersensitivity does this illicit?
Type 4 hypersensitivity
110
During the primary infection of M. tuberculosis, what clusters together to form a granuloma?
Macrophages and T lymphocytes
111
What is a granuloma containing live bacilli of M. tuberculosis called?
Tubercle
112
What type necrosis forms in the center of a TB tubercle?
Caseation necrosis occurs in the center of the tubercle
113
In a healthy person, what happens to the lesions caused by M. tuberculosis?
The lesions calcify
114
What tool can be used to see the tubercles caused by TB in a live persons chest?
Chest radiograph
115
What are the TB lesions called when seen on a radiograph?
Ghon complexes
116
How long can TB bacilli remain viable in a dormant stage?
For years
117
If a person remains healthy, what happens to the bacilli in the tubercles?
The bacilli remain walled off
118
What happens during the primary latent TB infection? (4)
1. The individual must have been __.
2. The individuals disease is active or inactive?
3. The individual is symptomatic or asymptomatic?
4. The disease is communicable (T/F)
1. The individual must have been exposed and infected.
2. The individuals disease is inactive
3. The individual is asymptomatic
4. False: The disease cannot be transmitted
119
If cell-mediated immunity is inadequate, what does mycobacteria tuberculosis do in the lung tissue?
Mycobacteria reproduce and begin to destroy lung tissue.
120
T/F
| If cell-mediated immunity is inadequate, TB will not be contagious.
False!
121
What is a secondary or re-infection of TB?
It occurs when a patient has had TB inactive in their body and due to cell-mediated immunity impairment, TB releases itself.
122
What could cause a patients cell-mediated immunity to become impaired? (4)
1. Stress
2. Malnutrition
3. HIV infection
4. Age
123
Once reactivated, what does TB do in th lungs?
| What does this mean for its contagiousness?
It reproduces and infects the lungs.
| This form can spread to others, it is contagious.
124
What happens in Miliary or extrapulmonary TB that is unique?
Early dissemination to other tissues
125
What age group is usually affected by Miliary or extrapulmonary TB?
It is a rapidly progressive form, more common in children <5y
126
If lesions are not found in lungs in a patient who has Miliary or extrapulmonary TB, what does that mean for the contagiousness of the TB?
If lesions are not found in the lungs, this TB is not contagious.
127
What are the 3 common symptoms associated with Miliary or extrapulmonary TB?
1. Weight loss
2. Failure to thrive
3. Other secondary infections (i.e. measles)
128
During active TB, regardless whether it is primary or secondary, when the organism multiplies what does that cause in the lungs?
Large areas of necrosis, large open areas in the lungs
129
Define cavitation
Large open areas in the lungs
130
What does cavitation promote in active TB?
The spread to other parts of the lungs, the infection may spread to the pleural cavity.
131
During active TB a patient will present with ___. (3)
1. Cough
2. Positive sputum
3. Visible cavitation in radiograph
132
When is active TB highly infectious?
When there is close personal contact over time.
133
What diagnostic tests are performed to check for first exposure or primary TB infection?
First exposed is indicated by a positive Tuberculin (skin) test.
134
What diagnostic tests are performed to look for an active TB infection?
- Acid-fast sputum test
- Chest radiograph
- Sputum culture
135
What is the treatment for TB?
| How much time does the treatment take?
Long term treatment involves a combination of drugs and can last between 6-12 months
136
What does effective treatment involve?
Monitoring and close follow up. This is very expensive.
137
In which population is TB becoming a problem? What is the cause?
In the homeless population, due to the sheer fact of being homeless, lack of healthcare, and over-crowding in shelters.
138
What viral infection has lead to an increase in TB as a secondary infection?
HIV
139
How has TB evolved to become more prevalent?
There is multidrug resistant TB.
140
What is histoplasmosis caused by?
Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus
141
How is histoplasmosis acquired?
Spore can be inhaled on dust particles
142
Is Histoplasma capsulatum a primary pathogen or an opportunistic pathogen?
An opportunistic pathogen.
143
T/F
| Often in the first stage of the Histoplasmosis, a patient will be symptomatic.
False:
| Often in the first stage of the disease, a patient will be asymptomatic.
144
In the second stage of histoplasmosis, what happens in the tissues?
Granulomas form and necrosis occurs
145
What are the 4 symptoms associated with histoplasmosis?
| They are mostly systemic
1. Cough
2. Fatigue
3. Fever
4, Night Sweats
146
What is the treatment for histoplasmosis?
Antifungals
147
What type of infection is Anthrax?
What causes Anthrax?
Is it gram positive or gram negative?
- Bacterial infection
- Bacillus anthracis
- Gram positive
148
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Regarding Anthrax,
What are the symptoms?
What respiratory symptoms are present?
What does the release of the toxins cause?
Is fatality rate low or high?
```
- Flulike symptoms
- Severe acute respiratory distress
- Due to toxin release, shock occurs.
- High fatality rate
149
What antimicrobial agent is used against Bacillus anthracis?
Ciprofloxacin
150
Is there a vaccine available for Anthrax?
Yes, an animal vaccine is available
151
Who is the anthrax vaccine recommended for?
It is recommended for people working with the organism or in other professions that might cause exposure
