Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology: Respiratory System > Expansion Disorders > Flashcards

Expansion Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Atelectasis

A

Nonaeration or collapse of lung or part of a lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does atelectasis lead to?

A

A decreased gas exchange and hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ls atelectasis a primary or secondary condition?

A

Secondary, it can occur as a complication of many primary conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to the alveoli during atelectasis?

What does this do to the elastic fibers of the alveoli?

A

The alveoli become airless

The elastic fibers shrivel up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the lung, pathophysiologically during atelectasis?

A

Collapse and inflammation or atrophy occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does atelectasis affect blood flow through lungs?

A

It interferes with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In patients with atelectasis, ventilation and perfusion are both altered, what does this have an effect on?

A

It affects oxygen diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of atelectasis is caused by total obstruction of the airway?
Describe what happens to the air and tissue distal to the obstruction.

A

Obstructive or resorption atelectasis
Air distal to the obstruction diffuses into the tissues and is not replaces.
The tissue begins to shrivel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compression atelectasis is caused by:

This prevents:

A

Mass or tumor exerts pressure on a part of the lung

It prevents air from entering a portion of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes increased surface tension in alveoli?

What does increased surface tension prevent?

A
  • Surfactin prevents surface tension in alveoli

- This prevents lung expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does fibrotic tissue form during atelectasis?

What might this type of tissue cause?

A

Fibrotic tissue forms in the lungs or pleura

It may restrict expansion and lead to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What event could lead to atelectasis?

A

After surgery, a patient could acquire postoperative atelectasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If the patient only has small areas of atelectasis, what symptoms can they expect?

A

None, the patient is asymptomatic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If the patient only has large areas of atelectasis, what symptoms can they expect? (4)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Increased heart rate
  3. Rales
  4. Chest pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What sound would you expect to hear from the chest of a patient with large areas of atelectasis?

A

Rales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a Pleural Effusion?

A

Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does pleural effusion cause?

A

It causes increased pressure in the pleural membrane and the separation of the pleural membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are exudative effusions in response to?

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of effusions are caused by transudate effusions?

A

Watery effusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the scientific name for watery effusions?

A

Hydrothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are transudate effusions the result of?

A

Result of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure in blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of the water being pushed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A decrease in what protein decreases osmotic pressure?

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the cough and respiratory sound and rate of a patient with a pleural effusion.

A

Dyspnea
Increased respiratory rate
Decreased breath sound
Pleural friction rub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where would a patient with pleural effusion have pain?
In their chest.
26
What are the treatments for pleural effusion?
1. Removing of underlying cause to treat respiratory impairment 2. Analyze fluid to confirm cause 3. Chest drainage, throacocentesis
27
What is throacocentesis? | What does it do?
It's done to remove fluid and relieve pressure | It is done putting a needle inserted under armpit to allow fluid drainage.
28
What is pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity
29
What is a closed pneumothorax? Is there any opening? Where does air enter from?
When air can enter the pleural cavity from internal airways, there are no openings in the chest wall.
30
What is a simple or spontaneous pneumothorax? Is there a tear? Where does air enter from? What closes the leak?
A tear on the surface of the lung. Air enters pleural cavity from a bronchus. Eventually the lung collapses and closes off the leak
31
In what patient type is simple pneumothorax most common?
In young men with no history
32
What idiopathic problem could cause simple pneumothorax?
Possible idiopathic bleb or defect
33
What is a secondary pneumothorax associated with?
An underlying respiratory disease
34
What is a secondary pneumothorax caused by?
``` A rupture of an emphysematous bleb on the lung surface or Erosion by a tumor or By a tubercular cavitation ```
35
What is an open pneumorax?
Atmospheric air enters the pleural cavity through an opening in the chest wall.
36
What is the term for the would associated with an open pneumothorax?
Sucking wound: a large opening in the chest wall.
37
What is the most serious form of a pneumothorax?
Tension pneumothorax.
38
What is a tension pneumothorax the result of?
It is the result of an opening through the chest wall and parietal pleura or from a tear in the lung tissue and visceral pleura
39
When does the hole close during a tension pneumothorax, during inspiration or expiration
Air entry into pleural cavity on inspiration but hole closes on expiration
40
During a tension pneumothorax, what does the entrapment of the air lead to?
Increased pressure in the pleura and atelectasis
41
What does a flail chest result from?
Fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move independently during respiration
42
How to the broken portions of the ribs in a flail chest move during inspiration?
The Flailed or broken section moves inward rather than outward
43
What does in the inward movement of ribs in a flail chest do to lungs during inspiration?
Prevents expansion of affected lung
44
What can a large flail section do to adjacent lung tissue?
Compress adjacent lung tissue
45
How can a large flail section compress adjacent lung tissue?
Pushing air out of that section -- up the bronchus
46
Where does the air in the damaged lung of a flailed chest go?
Air (stale) from damaged lung crosses into the other lung with newly inspired air
47
What happens to the unstable flail section during expiration?
Unstable flail section pushed outward by increasing intrathoracic pressure
48
What happens to the airflow of a large flail section during expiration?
Paradoxical movement of ribs alters airflow during expiration
49
Where does air move in a flail chest during expiration ?
Air from unaffected lung moves across into affected lungs
50
What does hypoxia result from when it is accompanied with a flail chest?
Hypoxia results from limited expansion and decreased inspiratory volume
51
What type of infants is infant respiratory distress syndrome most common in?
Usually related to premature birth
52
Which innate immune system collectin is missing in the alveoli of premature infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Surfactant
53
Why do premature babies develop infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Patients have poorly developed alveoli with are difficult to inflat
54
What results due to the poor alveolar inflation of patients with infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Diffuse atelectasis results
55
What effect of blood flow does the poor alveolar inflation have in patients with infant respiratory distress syndrome?
1. Decreased pulmonary blood flow 2. Pulmonary vasoconstriction 3. Severe Hypoxia
56
When may the respiratory difficulties of patients with infant respiratory distress syndrome be evident?
At birth or shortly thereafter
57
Describe the respirations, their sounds, and the actions of the chest and nostrils of a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome.
Respirations are rapid, irregular and shallow with periods of apnea Decreased breath sounds Chest Retractions Flaring of nares (nostrils)
58
Describe the sputum of a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome? What do they do to get it out?
Frothy sputum and expiratory grunt
59
What happens to the blood pressure of a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome?
The BP falls
60
Due to the hypoxia, what happens to a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome? (2)
Cyanosis, decreased responsiveness
61
Due to the drop in blood pressure, what happens to a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Peripheral edema
62
What treatments are given to mothers who are in premature labor?
Glucocorticoids
63
What treatments are given to a High risk neonate patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Synthetic surfactant
64
How does a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome get help with ventilation?
CPAP
65
What drug or molecule therapies are given to a patient with infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Nitrous Oxide Drugs | Oxygen Therapy
66
What does Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome result from?
Injury to the alveolar wall and capillary membrane
67
What does Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome cause the release of? What four things do they do
Chemical Mediators which: 1. Increase permeability of alveolar capillary membranes 2. Increased fluid and protein in interstitial area and alveoli 3. Damage to surfactant-producing cells 4. Diffuse necrosis and fibrosis if patient survives
68
What is Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome often associated with?
Often associated with multiple organ dysfunction or failure
69
Describe the cough of a patient with Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome.
Dyspnea
70
Describe the behavior of a patient with Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome.
Restless
71
Describe the respiration of a patient with Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome.
Rapid, shallow respiration
72
Describe the heart rate of a patient with Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome.
Increased heart rate
73
Do patients with Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome have respiratory or metabolic acidosis?
Both
74
What are the ways to treat patients with Adult (Acute) Respiratory distress syndrome?
1. Treatment of underlying cause | 2. Supportive respiratory therapy
75
What could Acute Respiratory Failure result from? Acute or chronic disorders? Name one disorder. What type of disorders, where are their origins?
Acute or chronic disorders Emphysema Acute respiratory disorders or neuromuscular diseases
76
Treatment from patients with Acute Respiratory Failure are (2):
1. Primary problem must be resolved | 2. Supportive treatment to maintain respiratory function

Pathophysiology: Respiratory System (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions