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Clinical Science > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Infection of the Cervix and vagina

A

typically caused by 1 of 5 organisms/infections

  1. Candida vulvovaginitis Candie’s
  2. Trichomonas vaginitis Tricky
  3. Chlamidia Clams (have)
  4. Gonorrhea Gone
  5. Bacterial vaginosis Bad
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2
Q

Testing for infection of cervix and vagina

A

wet mount and gonorrhea/chlamydia test

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3
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

typically caused by Gardnerella vaginalis

NOT sexually transmitted

Most common reason for vaginitis

Results in off-white, thin, homogenous discharge with “fishy” odor

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4
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis

A

Vaginal yeast infection

results in itching, white clumpy discharge that is not odorous

second most common reason for vaginitis

Not sexually transmitted

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5
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

caused by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
present with thin, frothy, green malodorous discharge in some, but not all, cases

Can be difficult to distinguish from other causes of vaginitis
Is Sexually transmitted

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6
Q

chlamydia

A

caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Can be asymptomatic (85%) or present with vaginal discharge, pelvic pain

Sexually transmitted disease

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7
Q

Wet mount determined

A
  1. Vulvovaginal yeast infection- thick and clumpy, itchy
  2. Bacterial vaginosis- fishy smell, or no sx
  3. Trichomonas- discharge with burning urination or no sx
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8
Q

Normal Vaginal Wet Mount

A
  1. small nuclei
  2. transparent cytoplasm
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9
Q

BV Wet Mount

A

with coccobacilli surrounding edges of cells

looks clumpy, CLUE CELLS

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10
Q

Vulvovaginal candiasis Wet Mount

A

See the “Evil Eye”

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11
Q

Gonorrhea

A

caused by bacteria Neisseria Gonorrhea

Can be asymptomatic, or cause discharge

difficult to determine visually

Sexually transmitted

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12
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis wet mount

A

These move, have flagellum

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13
Q

Whiff test

A

Before you do a wet mount exam

add one drop KOH onto the wet mount slide

if it smells like fish, it is BV

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14
Q

Vaginal pH, normal

A

3.8-4.2

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15
Q

Vaginal pH with BV/Trich infection

A

>4.5

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16
Q

Vaginal pH with vaginal candida infection

A

around 4.5

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17
Q

Preferred and Reccommeded identification method for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

A

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

-where available

has increased sensitivity

faster vs culture

cheaper

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18
Q

NAA Testing

A

Swab test- do NOT use a standard q-Tip

Swab vaginal for women

Swab urethra for men

Can also do a urine test, but this is not as sensitive for women.

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19
Q

HIV-1

A

in the US and Europe

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20
Q

HIV-2

A

in West Africa

21
Q

HIV two types

A

are indistinguishable, clinically.

Detected by Virulogy tests and Serologic tests

Virologic test will show HIV RNA and HIV p24 antigen

Serologic test will show IgM, IgG

22
Q

HIV detection timeline

A

1: RNA, early as 10-12 days
2. p24 antigen, 2.5 weeks
3. IgM, 4 weeks
4. IgG

23
Q

HIV Viral Load test

A

This is testing the RNA levels.

Can be found as early as 10-12 days

Not recommened as identification method, less sensitive, only approved for HIV-1 and more false positives are possible.

This test is used more to measure a pts response to treatment

24
Q

HIV p24 test

A

HIV p24 encoded by gag gene

measures aas early as 11-13 days post infection

less expensive than Viral Load testing

25
Q

Serologic HIV testing

A

minimum IgG time: 2 weeks

Median IgG time: 4 weeks

Almost all infected persons have IgG by 6 months

26
Q

4th generation HIV test

A

Came out in 2010

combo test for IgG and IgM and p24 antigen

detects 5 days earlier than 3rd gen test.

GOLD STANDARD for HIV testing

27
Q

Syphilis

A

STI caused by treponema pallidium.

sx begin with a single chancre- can be on genitals and the progress to feet and palms of hands.

28
Q

4 stages of syphilis

A
  1. Acute: develope chancre 2-3 weeks post exposure
  2. Secondary: generalized rash
  3. Latent: disease inactive, up to 5 years
  4. Tertiary: CNS, cardiac, ocular involvement
29
Q

Syphilis testing

A

cannot be cultured, so you have to either see a spirochete or do a blood treponema test.

30
Q

Non-treponemal test

A

used for syphilis testing

less expensive

tests pts serum IgG IgM reaction with cardiolipin-cholesterol-licithin antigen- if pt has syph. there will be a cross-reaction

Perfromed by the Venereal Disease Research Lab or Rapid Plasma Reagin (VDRL or RPR

issues: lack of specificity, false positives from pregnancy, drug use, other diseases. False negatives if not long time.

If negative and you suspect syph, retest in 2-3 wks

31
Q

Treponemal ab test

A

for syph testing. Confirms a positive non-trep test.

More expensive

FTA-ABS, fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbtion

32
Q

Syphilis direct observation

A

dark field microscopy from lesion sample. only used in clinics that specialize in STIs

33
Q

Hepatitis A transmission

A

Fecal-oral

possibly sexual

rarely blood

think outside countries

34
Q

Hepatitis B transmission

A

Sexual

Blood

35
Q

Hepatitis C transmission

A

Sexual

Blood

36
Q

Hepatitis D transmission

A

Blood

rarely sexual

37
Q

Hepatitis E transmission

A

Fecal-oral

possibly blood

38
Q

Hepatitis A detection

A

IgM HAV antibodies present when symptomatic-up to six months

GOLD STANDARD

IgG can remain positive for decades

39
Q

Hep C chronic cases

A

50-85% of Hep C cases become chronic cases.

40
Q

Hep C Liver cirrhosis

A

u20-30% of patients with develop cirrhosis of the liver over a 20-30 year period

41
Q

Primary cause of liver disease and liver transplant

A

Hep C infection

42
Q

Earliest marker of Hep C

A

uHCV DNA first detectable within days to 2 months post-exposure →EARLIEST MARKER

43
Q

Initial hep C testing

A
  1. HCV DNA test
  2. Anti-HCV antibody
44
Q

Hep D

A

uHepatitis D virus uncommon in the United States
uMore common in the Mediterranean Basin and Pacific Islands
uRequires presence of Hepatitis B for complete viral assembly so always co-exists with HBV
uDiagnosed through presence of HBsAg, total anti-HDV, and HDV RNA testing

45
Q

Hep D Diagnosis

A
  1. HBsAG
  2. total anti-HDV
  3. HDV RNA
46
Q

Hep E

A

Highest in Africa, Asia, Middle east, Central America

Diagnoses by HEV in stool, or serum

Also, HEV IgM which is present until 4-5 mos

47
Q

HSV

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

Vessicles on genitals and mouth

Vessicles need to be “deroofed” to test

extremely painful- the Carroll test

test is pretty good- 50-75% sensitivity and few false positives

48
Q

IgG1

A

From HSV-1

49
Q

IgG2

A

from HSV2

Clinical Science (15 decks)

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