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Clinical Science > Doc, its Ebola > Flashcards

Doc, its Ebola Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Rapid Strep Test

A

Swab, ELISA technique to detect Group A strep cell wall

Specificity >95%

Sensitivity > 90%

Good technique improves sensitivity

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2
Q

Throat pathogens

A

Streptococci, Gonococci, Meningitides, pertussis, diptherium

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3
Q

Throat culture

A

culture on chocolate agar or strep-specific agar, gram stain and culture is ID’d

usually takes 2 days

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4
Q

Negative rapid strep, negative throat culture

A

if sx persist 3+ weeks, could be acid reflux, or throat cancer. Could also be a fungus- candida albicans, thrush in immunocompromised pts

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5
Q

Streptolysis O

A

Produced by strep pyogens. Its toxic to PMNs, RBCs, platelets, etc. It increases the virulence of strep-pyogens.

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6
Q

ASO titer

A

used to detect recent infection with a group A strep. Rise over several weeks, are highest 3 weeks post infection. Draw an ASO titer when a patient has possible systemic manifestations of a sequelae of group A strep (has rheumatic fever, rash, glomerulonephritis)

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7
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Epsein Barr virus, over 80% of US pop has been exposed. Similar sx to strep throat

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8
Q

Rapid Mono

A

Detects IgM of EBV, usually present by day 6 85% sensitivity, 100% specificity Blood test

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9
Q

EBV titer

A

Do when a rapid mono is not available, if you suspect mono but rapid is negative, or to detect the timing of the infection

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10
Q

The most common congenital infection

A

CMV Cytomegalovirus

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11
Q

CMV

A

TORCH Virus Causes mono-like sx. 60 day incubation period!

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12
Q

CMV tests

A
  1. ELISA test 2. Latex-agglutination test you are evaluating the presence of CMV antibodies. Can reactivate after years.
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13
Q

The Flu

A

Fever greater than 100 and Myalgias are key! Caused by strain A or B

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14
Q

Rapid Flu test

A

More than 10 exist. Sometimes strain specific, and rapid do not identify the subtype/exact strain. (type A2). Will do a rapid flu if sx started within 48-72 hrs. contraindicated if outside this window- no treatment and the test itself is not comfortable.

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15
Q

Rapid flu disadvantages

A

only 50-70% sensitivity (higher in children than adults because children shed the virus longer). high rate of false negatives. nasopharyngeal swab

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16
Q

Flu Viral culture

A

The gold standard for flu diagnosis. Identifies which strain of flu. Takes 3-10 days.

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17
Q

Flu PCR

A

High sensitivity, differentiates between sub-types. more costly and time consuming. Only do in the seriously ill and to track flu outbreaks.

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18
Q

Sputum cultures

A

Lung sputum samples (expectorated from patient) can be collected and cultured in lab. gram staining can tell if bacteria, viral or fungal. Fungal can take 6-8 weeks to analyze! This is usually done for bacterial cultures.

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19
Q

Pertussis

A

whooping cough. Bacterial URI caused by bordetella pertussis. Also have an inspiratory whoop, coughing fits and post cough emesis

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20
Q

Pertussis test

A

It is another nasopharyngeal test. DO NOT use cotton or rayon swabs! only us Dacron swab with flexible shaft for sample collection.

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21
Q

Bordetella pertussis PCR

A

High cost Not affected by previous abx use 1-2 days for results

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22
Q

Bordetella pertussis Culture

A

GOLD STANDARD 30-60% sensitive, but 100% specific. Can take 7-10 days.

23
Q

RSV

A

Respiratory Syncitital Virus Common in children: URI, fever, cough, apnea. Can lead to hospitalizations and even death

24
Q

RSV testing

A

Nasal secretions analyzed via rapid antigen test (30 minutes, 90% specificity and sensitivity), Culture (4-14 days, too long) or PCR (can assay 33 pathogens in one test!)

25
Q

Tuberculosis

A

spread through the air Cough, fever, weight loss, night sweats, fatigue, skeletal, GI and GU

26
Q

TB skin test

A

also known as: Tuberculosis skin test, Purified protein derivative, Mantoux test, Tuberculin test, Tubersol

27
Q

TB test, how it works

A

Inactivated TB culture is injected subdermally. The inactive culture contains mycobacterial PPD antigens, which causes a delayed hypersensitivity reaction by the T lymphocytes in its who have been exposed to TB whether it is active or dormant

28
Q

TB test procedure

A

0.1mL TB PPD injected. 48-72 hrs later the skin is read. Test cannot determine if infection is active or dormant. Results will be positive 6-8 weeks after TB infection. TB will be positive for life- don’t test a known positive. Read from bump edges, not red edges.

29
Q

TB Negative

A

less than 5 mm

30
Q

TB > 5mm

A

TB positive in HIV, close contact with +, immunocompromised, CXR of old TB

31
Q

TB>10mm

A

Positive in children under 4, foreigners of high risk country, IV drug users, people who work in high risk setting, economically disadvantaged, Cancer, diabetes, dialysis

32
Q

TB>15

A

Positive in healthy, low risk, over the age of 4

33
Q

Things that will result in a false negative TB

A

infection less than 8 weeks ago, immunosuppressed pt, or someone with waning natural immunity, MMR vaccine in past 4-6 weeks.

34
Q

Things that will result in a false positive TB

A

Infection with non-TB mycobacterium or a BCG vaccination

35
Q

IGRA test

A

TB test to use if you suspect a latent TB infection. Can be used regardless of BCG vaccination status. More specific. Cannot differentiate between latent and active, but can be used for latent. More expensive than normal TB. QFT-GIT and T-spot are the two available tests. Blood draw. Still uses an ELISA technique.

36
Q

When to use IGRA test

A

if your patient comes from a country that administers BCG vaccines if your patient is not compliant in their TB reads.

37
Q

H. pylori serologic test

A

least expensive, most commonly used. results in 2-3 days. Least sensitive. tests IgG, positive 2 months post infection.

38
Q

H.pyelori bacterial culture

A

gastric mucus specimen is cultures on enriched medium. Takes at least 5-7 days.

39
Q

H pyelori rapid urease test

A

biopsied gastric mucosa + urea on pH indicator. results in 3 hours, but can only be done on pts undergoing endoscopy.

40
Q

H. pyelori stool specimen

A

ELISA technique, using fresh stool. very accurate. Usually used to test if H.pyelori has been eradicated.

41
Q

H. pyelori urea breath test

A

orally administer radioactive carbon urea. positive result will have radioactive CO2 exhaled. Expensive, but generally non-invasive and reliable.

42
Q

H. pyelori produces

A

increased urease

43
Q

Pathogenic poop

A

Salmonella

Shigella

Yersinia

Campylobacter

E. coli pathogenic

C.diff

Staphylococcus pathogenic

SSYC

44
Q

Normal in your poop

A

Enterococcus

Bacteroides

Proteus

Pseudomonas

Escherichia coli

Clostridium

Staphylococcus aureus

Candida albicans

45
Q

stool culture staining

A

not gram stain

stain with methylene blue

can sometimes see leukocytes- shigella and salmonella

46
Q

standard stool culture

A

salmonella

shigella

campylobacter

(may need to request yersinia and enterohemorrhagic e. coli)

47
Q

C. diff testing

A

ordered separately from standard stool culture!

can only be performed on loose/watery stools.

Tests for toxins A and B

48
Q

C diff PCR

A

Result in 1 hour, good Specificity and sensitivity.

49
Q

c diff EIA test

A

75% sensitivity, 99% specificity

Can have false negative and you need more toxin to be present to detect.

50
Q

c. diff cell culture assay

A

GOLD STANDARD for c.diff toxin diagnosis

Can take 2 days and is labor intensive

51
Q

OVA and parasites in stool- who to check?

A

recent travel

daycare workers

AIDS pts

community outbreaks

52
Q

parasites commonly found in stool

A

hookwork

tapeworm

giardia

cryptosporidium in AIDS pts

53
Q

Hemoccult test

A

aka fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or stool guaiac

checks for occult bleeding from GI or to evaluate colorectal cancer, IBD, and hemorrhoids

False positives with red foods

False negatives with Vitamin C

Low sensitivity and low specificity

54
Q

Normal blood in GI tract

A

2-2.5 mL daily

these tests detect 5mL, so if it is positive (blue stain) there could potentially be abnormal bleeding. usually do over a 3 day span.

Clinical Science (15 decks)

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