Brownies are only good for the soul

Question 1

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 1

use in diagnosing and monitoring diabetes patients
Hb A1C is the subset of HbA1 that combines most readily with glucose
This value gives a story of what a pts glucose levels have been over the past 3 months, rather than a blood glucose test which is only an instant snap-shot
The goal is to keep HbA1C under 7%

Question 2

insulin level test

Answer 2

its not widely used, but can be used to detect an insulinoma (insulin secreting tumor) or to find the cause of hypoglycemia
Insulin level will be low in a person with insulin-dependent diabetes (type1)

Question 3

C-peptide

Answer 3

correlates well to insulin levels
useful test in ascertaining the functioning of a patients pancreas and their overall ability to produce insulin. Can be used to determine cause of hypoglycemia
Note- synthetic insulin does not contain C-peptide

Question 4

Type 1- diabetes C-peptide level

Answer 4

Low, because the body isn’t producing insulin

Question 5

Type 2 diabetes C-peptide level

Answer 5

Normal-high.

Question 6

Amylase

Answer 6

enzyme secreted from acinar cells of the pancreas into the duodenum to catabolize carbohydrates.
if damage occurs to the acinar cells, amylase will pour out into the duodenum.
amylase test, think pancreatitis

Question 7

amylase is high in

Answer 7

acute and chronic pancreatitis
pancreatitic cancer
obstruction of pancreas by a gallstone.

Question 8

other places for amylase

Answer 8

in the fallopian tubes, salivary glands, and the gallbladder. for this reason, amylase test can be high in ectopic pregnancy, mumps, and cholecystitis

Question 9

Lipase

Answer 9

secreted by the pancreas to digest triglycerides.
Again, when damage occurs to the pancreatic acinar cells, lipase is released into the circulation and levels become elevated.
Lipase and amylase go together!
Lipase will parallel a rise in amylase, but will usually rise later and stay around longer

Question 10

Uric acid

Answer 10

is the end byproduct of purine nucleotide catabolism

uric acid from purine catabolism is usually renal excreted

Question 11

uric acid elevation

Answer 11

elevated in high animal protein diets, alcohol abuse, cancer, renal failure
buildup of uric acid = hyperuricemia
this is known as gout

Question 12

podagra

Answer 12

gout manifestation in the first big toe