Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 > Infectious disease > Flashcards

Infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

Fine needle vs core needle aspirate?

A

Fine needle = cytological info

Core needle = histological info*

  • done for breast tissue histological analysis for breast lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Family hx of breast cancer conditions for referral to secondary care?

A

BC in first degree male relative!

BC in first degree relative under 40

Bilateral BC in first degree relative under 50

BC in 2 first degree relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a triple assessment of the breast for BC?

A

Clinical exam
Mammography
Core needle biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ductal carcinoma mammogram findings

A

areas of calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which Breast cancer causes pagets disease of breast (eczema like feeling of nipple with lump behind it)

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if someone has HER2 receptor positive breast cancer?

A

Can treat with a biologic
= trastuzumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

if someone is on trastuzumab for breast cancer what needs to be monitered?

A

Cardiac function

cardiotoxicity causing drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TNM for breast cancer?

A

Small tumours under 2cm in size score T1.

If cancerous cells are found in 4-9 local lymph nodes (axillary or internal mammary), an N2 score is given. If fewer than 4 are affected, then the score is N1. If more than 9, or it has spread to supra- or infra-clavicular lymph nodes, the score will be N3.

If no metastasis is found, the score will be M0. If there is metastasis, the score will be M1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

every px who has a wide local excision of breast cancer should be offered wat?

A

adjuvant radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does candida albicans affect the skin?

A

Itchy rash in folds e.g. sub-mammary, groin, axilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can a baby get congenital herpes simplex virus?

A

transmission through vaginal birth within 6 weeks that the mother had infection, mum should do a c section and take intra-partum IV acyclovir

Baby will have vesicular lesions around skin, eyes, oral mucosa, can have encephalititis and sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common cause of encephalitis

A

Herpes simplex virus (1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Baby with well defined circular papules, target shaped lesions of 3 concentric rings of different colours

starts at palms and spreads out, what is it

A

Erythema multiforme (allergic reaction to infection), caused by HSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

px has painful ulcers on vulva, but swabs and PCR for HSV are both negative

what next?

A

probable diagnosis is still genital HSV so

if it is negative PCR and swab (e.g. atypical ulcers) do anti-HSV antibodies to confirm diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pregnancy and HSV?

A

Offer patient acyclovir and elective C section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

young patient with hx of eczema is pyrexic, fluid filled blisters which break open to leave shallow sores on skin?

A

Herpes simplex virus caused Eczema herpeticum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

an USS of a px showing fluid and air accumulating between fascia in their right thigh?

A

necrotising fasciitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does fourniers gangrene present?

A

e.g. presented with severe testicular pain, a day ago, dramatically worsened

very unwell, with hx of diabetes/HIV etc

oedematous testicle, erythema with poorly defined margins

palpation impossible due to pain

cremasteric reflex is fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

px with pneumonia and shingles?

A

Primary HIV infection (leads to recurrent shingles/molluscum contagiosum/pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hiv diagnosis/screening

A

combination test

  • tests for P24 antigen +
  • antibodies against HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hiv diagnosis/screening

A

combination test

  • tests for P24 antigen +
  • antibodies against HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TRALI acute transfusion reaction?

A

Transfusion related acute lung injury

basically non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

due to stuff in new blood activating neutrophils in pulmonary vascualture increasing permeability = oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TRALI vs TACO?

A

Transfusion related acute lung injury

vs

Transfusion associated circulatory overload

  • too much transfusion in a px with a heart failure causing pulmonary oedema LIKE TRALI except the px will be hypertensive not hypotensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

breast mastitis organisms

A

Staph A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

mastitis risk factors?

A

Smoking

breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

breast mastitis ix?

A

USS

Diagnostic needle aspiration drainage = prurulent fluid indicates abscess

26
Q

breast cyst and cancer link\?

A

there is one, a complex cyst can develop

27
Q

most common breast cancer?

A

Invasive lobular carcinoma

28
Q

BRCA1 gene?

A

onchromosome 17

70% will develop breast cancer by aged 80

50% will develop ovarian cancer

Increased risk of bowel and prostate cancer

29
Q

BRCA2 gene?

A

on chromosome 1

60% will develop breast cancer by aged 80

Around 20% will develop ovarian cancer

30
Q

NHS screening programme breast cancer?

A

mammogram every 3 years for women 50-70 yrs old

31
Q

mx for candidiasis?

A

Topical antifungal e.g. clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin

only for severe systemic or vaginal - oral fluconazole

32
Q

genital herpes caused by HSV2 sx?

A

dysuria + pruritus

ulcers

33
Q

what is gingivostomitis|?

A

primary infection of herpes

erythema and painful ulcers on perioral skin and oral mucosa

34
Q

what conditions are linked to HIV?

A

May present with maculopapular rash

oral ulcers
TB
Candidiasis
shingles

35
Q

what is oesophaheal candidiasis?

A

an aids defining illness

36
Q

what does oral thrush present as? (candidiasis)

A

White plaques that can be scrapped off and a cottony feeling

37
Q

How does HIV seroconversion time present?

A

Glandular fever like, 3-12 weeks after the infection

can get maculopapular rash

38
Q

how to investigate HIV?

A

combination test HIV p24 + HIV antibody

  • the p24 shows up earlier in disease
39
Q

When to give co-trimoxazole for HIV?

A

CD4 tells immune status, if <200

40
Q

Necrotising fasciitis summary?

A

2 types

type 2 = strep pyogenes
will present like worsening cellulitis with extreme pain

do surgical exploration before cultures

41
Q

What is the sepsis 6

OBAFLU

A

administer Oxygen
take Blood culture
give broad spec Abx
give iv Fluid
measure serum Lactate
measure hourly Urine

42
Q

where can varicella zoster become dormant in the body after chicken pox?

A

basal root ganglia

trigeminal ganglia

43
Q

chicken pox skin affects?

A

vesicular rash 1st appearing centrally then to limbs

vesicles on mucous membranes in nasopharynx

itchy

44
Q

ramsay hunt syndrome - varicella zoster - summary

A

reactivation occurs in the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve

causes ear pain first, then unilateral facial palsy + vesicular rash around ear

Mx with oral aciclovir and corticosteroids (prednisolone).

45
Q

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

A

Reactivation of varicella zoster in ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve resulting in vesicular rash around eye and hutchinson’s sign - rash on tip of nose

urgent opthal review + oral antivirals

46
Q

which viral illnesses does viral exanthema present in?

A

Chicken pox
Rubella
measles

usually on trunk

can give emollients to reduce itch

47
Q

Where does multi-organ dysfunction syndrome come in?

A

sepsis -> severe sepsis -> MODS

48
Q

What primary causes can result in MODS?

A

Infection

injury

hypoperfusion

hypermetabolism

49
Q

multi organ dysfunction can come in 4 stages each with worsening features which are?

A

Stage 1 - mild resp alkalosis, oliguria, hyperglycaemia

stage 2 = tachypnoea, hypoxaemia, liver dysfunction, haem abnormalities

stage 3 - shock, high nitrogen in blood, acid base, significant coagulation abnormalities

stage 4 = vasopressor dependent, oliguria, anuria, development of ischaemic colitis and lactic acidosis

50
Q

Hospital acquired infection (nosocomial infection contracted 48 hrs after hospitalisation)

surgical site infection?
nosocomial pneumonia?
nosocomial UTIs?
bloodstream infections?
GI infections?
multidrug resistant

A

surgical site infection? = E-coli + S.A
nosocomial pneumonia? = S.A + P.aeruginosa
nosocomial UTIs? = E-coli
bloodstream infections? = S.A
GI infections? = C. difficle
multidrug resistant = MRSA

51
Q

candida albicans, the fungi that causes candidiasis features?

A

Dimorphic fungi

low numbers on healthy skin, in oropharyngeal cavity, GI, GU, disease in high risk patients

52
Q

does vaginal candidiasis cause an offensive discharge

A

No, just a cottage cheese looking type

+ dysuria + dyspareunia

53
Q

tender inguinal lymph seen in?

A

genital ulcers - HSV2

54
Q

1st line for HIV is starting ART - antiretroviral therapy

this includes two NRTIs* and one PI**/NNRTI ***

give examples

  • ‘TAZ’
    ** ‘-navir’
    *** ‘vir’
A

NRTI = Tenofovir, abacavir, zidovudine

PI = indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir

NNRTI = nevirapine, efavirenz

55
Q

abx for breast mastitis as needed?

A

Flucloxacillin as main organism if staph A

56
Q

which breast lump changes with menstruation/pregnancy

which breast lump changes around menopause

A

fibroadenoma

breast cyst

57
Q

describe a breast cyst
vs
breast fibroadenoma

A

cyst = fluid collection, soft fluctuable, may be multiple, may be painful, can be complex and cause malignancy - halo appaerance on mammography

mobile mass, smooth lump, rubbery and non tender - popcorn calcification on mammography

58
Q

when to excise cyst

when to excise fibroadenoma

A

blood stained / persistently refill cysts

3cm+ - excise

59
Q

tumour marker in breast cancer?

A

CA 15-3

60
Q

who to send for 2WW for triple assessment in breast clinic?

A

> 30 with unexplained breast mass

> 50 with nipple discharge, retraction, other concerning features

61
Q

if breast cancer presents with palpable axillary lymphadenopathy what to do?

A

lymph node clearance - can cause lymphoedema /functional arm impairment

62
Q

Hormonal therapy breast cancer if eostrogen receptor positive?

A

in pre-menopause : tamoxifen

in post-menopause : anastrazole * may cause osteoporotic fractures

Year 3 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions