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Biology > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Diseases caused by pathogens (e.g. common cold).

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2
Q

Non-infectious Disease

A

Diseases caused by lifestyle, environmental or genetic factors (e.g. diabetes).

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3
Q

Contagious

A

The ability to spread from person to person.

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbes able to cause disease.

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5
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins able to trigger healthy proteins to misfold abnormally leading to brain damage (e.g. CJD)

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6
Q

Viruses

A

Genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein which requires the presence of a host cell to reproduce causing cell death (e.g. COVID-19).

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic microorganisms which reproduce through binary fission and releases toxins causing tissue damage (e.g. Salmonella).

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8
Q

Fungi

A

Microorganisms which feed at the expense of a host organism and reproduce asexually by releasing spores that cause disease (e.g. Athlete’s foot).

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9
Q

Protists

A

Parasites which spread via vectors and enter the body causing disease (e.g. Malaria).

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10
Q

Disease Transmission

A

Direct Touch

Bodily Fluids

Airborne Particles

Contaminated Ingestion

Vectors

Medical Procedures

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11
Q

Adherence Factors

A

Enables pathogens to adhere to host cells (e.g. bacterial adhesins).

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12
Q

Invasion Factors

A

Enables pathogens to enter host cells (e.g. bacterial exoenzymes).

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13
Q

Capsules

A

Enables pathogens to avoid detection by the immune system (e.g. bacterial capsules).

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14
Q

Toxins

A

Enables pathogens to produce symptoms of disease within a host cell (e.g. bacterial toxins).

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15
Q

Lifecycle Changes

A

Enables pathogens to transmit between various host cells (e.g. blood flukes).

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16
Q

Innate Immune Response

A

Non-specific immune response present in all plants and animals to protect against pathogens by reducing the likelihood of disease and controlling the severity.

17
Q

First Line of Defence

A

A system of barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

18
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Stops pathogens from entering the body by blocking or trapping them (e.g. skin).

19
Q

Chemical Barriers

A

Kills pathogens before they can enter the body (e.g. stomach acid).

20
Q

Second Line of Defence

A

A system of generalized responses to pathogens entering the body.

21
Q

Inflammation

A

The accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and leukocytes when tissue is damaged or infected.

22
Q

Inflammation Response

A

Histamines are released from mast cells

Cytokines are released from injured cells

Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels occur due to histamines

Neutrophils migrate towards the cytokines to kill pathogens

Phagocytes (macrophages) phagocytose pathogens and debris

23
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A type of cytokine that increases the temperature of the body resulting in a fever.

24
Q

Complement System

A

Proteins which circulate the blood inactively and are triggered to help kill pathogens.

25
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

Specific immune system which targets specific pathogens by recognizing and memorizing specific antigens and producing specific antibodies through humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

26
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A

B-cells target pathogens in the body’s fluids by producing antibodies from plasma/effector cells which hunt and fight antigens through proliferation alongside memory B-cells which keep samples of the antigen to enhance immunity.

27
Q

Role of Antibodies

A

Enhances phagocytosis through precipitation of dissolved antigens

Prevents adherence through neutralization and agglutination

Activates the complement system which leads to lysis of foreign cells

28
Q

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

A

T-cells target pathogens in the body’s cells by helper T-cells recognizing antigens from antigen-presenting cell’s major histocompatibility complexes (e.g. macrophages/dendritic cells) utilizing their receptors and proliferating into memory T-cells and activating cytotoxic T-cells.

29
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

Proliferates into memory cytotoxic T-cells and destroys infected or defective cells by releasing cytotoxins which cause apoptosis.

30
Q

Helper T-cells

A

Proliferates to create memory T-cells, activates B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

31
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Antibodies are transferred from one organism to another. Lasts for a short time.

Natural: Placenta
Artificial: Antiserum

32
Q

Active Immunity

A

Production of antibodies following exposure to antigens. Lasts for a long time.

Natural: Disease
Artificial: Vaccination

Biology (6 decks)

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