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Biology > Body Systems & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Body Systems & Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated/unspecialized cells which can self-renew and develop into various cell types

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2
Q

cell differentiation

A

stem cells specialize and become specialized cells

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3
Q

gene expression

A

process where specific genes are expressed which dictates how a cell differentiates and functions

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4
Q

cell potency

A

a cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types

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5
Q

totipotent

A

capable of differentiating into any cell type (e.g. zygote)

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6
Q

pluripotent

A

capable of differentiating into three germ layers (e.g. embryonic stem cell)

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7
Q

multipotent

A

capable of differentiating into limited cell types (e.g. adult stem cell)

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8
Q

unipotent

A

capable of differentiating into one cell type (e.g. somatic cell)

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9
Q

hierarchy of multicellular organisms

A

specialized cell → tissue → organ → system → organism

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10
Q

homeostasis

A

process where organisms maintain stable internal environments to maintain an optimal range for metabolism

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11
Q

negative feedback

A

homeostatic mechanism which employs receptors and effectors to achieve equilibrium and balance by reversing the direction of the stimulus

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12
Q

receptors

A

sensors which detect changes in both internal and external environments

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13
Q

thermoreceptor

A

temperature stimulus (e.g. skin)

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14
Q

chemoreceptor

A

specific chemical compounds stimuli (e.g. taste bud)

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15
Q

photoreceptor

A

light stimulus (e.g. eye)

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16
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

touch & pressure stimuli (e.g. skin)

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17
Q

nociceptor

A

pain stimulus (e.g. skin)

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18
Q

electroreceptor

A

electricity stimulus (e.g. skin)

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19
Q

osmoreceptor

A

osmotic pressure stimulus (e.g. hypothalamus)

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20
Q

baroreceptor

A

blood pressure stimulus (e.g. blood vessel)

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21
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands which respond to receptors to correct imbalance

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22
Q

homeostasis in the body

A

nervous (electrical impulses) & endocrine (hormones) systems

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23
Q

small sa:v ratio

A

structural - mitigates heat loss through diffusion

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24
Q

fat/blubber

A

structural - traps heat through insulation

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25
Q

large vascularized ears

A

structural - augments heat loss through a large surface area & many blood vessels

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26
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

structural - generates heat by converting stored fat

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27
Q

mitochondrial activity

A

structural - generates heat by producing energy (ATP)

28
Q

vasodilation

A

physiological - expands blood vessels to increase heat loss to surroundings

29
Q

vasoconstriction

A

physiological - shrinks blood vessels to decrease heat loss to surroundings

30
Q

shivering

A

physiological - rapid contractions of skeletal muscles to generate heat

31
Q

piloerection

A

physiological - creates layers of air that insulate the body

32
Q

counter-current exchange

A

physiological - minimizing the heat gradient against surroundings

33
Q

kleptothermy

A

behavioural - sharing or stealing another organism’s body heat

34
Q

torpor

A

behavioural - physiological process of lowering body temperature and metabolic rate to conserve energy

35
Q

hibernation

A

prolonged torpor which occurs during winter for endotherms (e.g. mammals)

36
Q

brumation

A

prolonged torpor which occurs during winter for ectotherms (e.g. reptiles)

37
Q

aestivation

A

prolonged torpor which occurs during summer for ectotherms (e.g. lungfish)

38
Q

gas exchange medium characteristics

A

moist; vascularized; thin; large surface area

39
Q

counter-current exchange in fish

A

maximises oxygen intake through maintaining a concentration gradient

water runs in the opposite direction to the blood flow

40
Q

obligate air breather

A

fish that have poorly developed gills and are obliged to breathe air

41
Q

facultative air breather

A

fish that have well-developed gills and are not reliant to breathe air

42
Q

mammalian lung ventilation

A

ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm create negative pressure

air flows from the trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveoli

43
Q

frog lung ventilation

A

two-phase inhalation

buccal cavity > lungs

44
Q

oxygen dissociation curve (higher temperature)

A

right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available

45
Q

oxygen dissociation curve (higher carbon dioxide)

A

right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available

46
Q

oxygen dissociation curve (higher acidity / lower pH)

A

right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available

47
Q

oxygen dissociation curve (smaller animal size)

A

right shift; haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, oxygen is more readily available

48
Q

oxygen dissociation curve (low oxygen)

A

left shift; haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, oxygen is less readily available

49
Q

carbohydrates (monomer / digestive enzyme)

A

monosaccharides / amylase

50
Q

proteins (monomer / digestive enzyme)

A

amino acids / protease

51
Q

lipids (monomer / digestive enzyme)

A

fatty acids / lipase

52
Q

nucleic acid (monomer)

A

nucleotides

53
Q

foregut fermenters (ruminants)

A

cellulose digestion occurs in the rumen (e.g. cows)

54
Q

hindgut fermenters (non-ruminants)

A

cellulose digestion occurs in the caecum (e.g. rabbits)

55
Q

ammonia

A

high toxicity

no ATP required to produce

highly soluble

high quantity of water required for excretion

e.g. aquatic animals

56
Q

urea

A

medium toxicity

3 ATP required to produce

moderately soluble

moderate quantity of water required for excretion

e.g. mammals

57
Q

uric acid

A

low toxicity

7 ATP required to produce

barely soluble

low quantity of water required for excretion

e.g. reptiles

58
Q

glomerulus

A

filtration of blood

59
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

filtration of blood

60
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

re-absorption of glucose & ions

61
Q

loop of henle

A

re-absorption of water & salt

generation of a concentration gradient to produce urine

62
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

secretion to regulate pH

63
Q

collecting tubule

A

collection of urine

64
Q

endotherm

A

constant body temperature independent from the ambient temperature

heat generated from an internal source

(e.g. mammals)

65
Q

ectotherm

A

changing body temperature dependent on the ambient temperature

heat generated from an external source

(e.g. reptiles)

66
Q

osmoregulator

A

constant internal osmotic environment independent from the external osmotic environment

osmotic gradient

(e.g. humans)

67
Q

osmoconformer

A

changing internal osmotic environment dependent on the external osmotic environment

isotonic

(e.g. lobsters)

Biology (6 decks)

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