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SD IV: Block 3 Week 2 > Infectious Disease 01: Continued > Flashcards

Infectious Disease 01: Continued Flashcards

1
Q

what is the morphology of Neisseria?

A

Gram-negative diplococci

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2
Q

Adherence to epithelial cells is done how with Neisseria?

A

long pili

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3
Q

Neisserial infections are disseminated in people who lack what?

A

complement proteins of membrane attack complex

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4
Q

Where are locations that are typically hotspots for infection by N. meningitides/who is more likely infected?

A

adolescents and young adults living in crowded quarters such as military barracks or college dorms

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5
Q

What are common features of infection with N. gonorrhoeae?

A
  • urethritis in men, untreated infection in women may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause
    infertility or ectopic pregnancy
  • Neonatal N. gonorrhoeae infection causes conjunctivitis
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6
Q

What is the common organism associated with Pertussis?

A

bordetella pertussis

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7
Q

What is a histologic feature of Pertussis?

A

striking peripheral lymphocytosis

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8
Q

C/F of pertussis?

A
  • Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis with bronchial mucosal erosion, hyperemia, and copious mucopurulent exudate
  • loud inspiratory “whoop”
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9
Q

What is the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Opportunistic aerobic gram-negative bacillus

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10
Q

P. aeruginosa is deadly in what type of people?

A

Those with cystic fibrosis, severe burns, or neutropneia

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11
Q

T/F. P. aeruginosa is a common cause of hospital-acquire infections?

A

True

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12
Q

What are some C/Fs of infection with P. aeruginosa?

A
  • Corneal keratitis in wearers of contact lenses, endocarditis and osteomyelitis in intravenous drug abusers, external
    otitis (swimmer’s ear) in healthy individuals, severe external otitis in people with diabetes

-ecthyma gangrenous (oval skin lesions)

-necrotizing pneumonia distributed in a fleur-de-lis pattern with pale necrotic centers and red, hemorrhagic peripheral areas, masses of organisms in the walls of blood vessels

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13
Q

Another name for Yersina Pestis?

A

plague

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14
Q

What is Yersinia transmitted by?

A

rodents to humans by fleabites

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15
Q

What is a chancroid?

A

(soft chancre)
it is an acute sexually transmitted, ulcerative infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi

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16
Q

C/F of chancroid lesion? (compare to syphyllis)

A

irregular and painful ulcer unlike syphilis which is painless

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17
Q

What is Donovanosis?

A

a sexually transmitted chronic inflammatory disease caused by Klebsiella granulomatis (Calymmatobacterium donavani)

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18
Q

C/F granuloma Inguinale?

A

elephantiasis of the external genitalia

associated with urethral, vulvar, or anal strictures

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19
Q

Histology of granuloma inguinale?

A

pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, Giemsa-stain: minute, encapsulated coccobacilli (Donovan bodies) in macrophages

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20
Q

Contrast chancroid to Granuloma Inguinale?

A

regional lymph nodes typically are spared unlike in chancroid

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21
Q

Mycobacteria have what morphology?

A

slender, aerobic rods that grow in straight or branching chains

unique waxy cell wall composed of unusual glycolipids and lipids including mycolic acid, which makes them immi
acid-fast

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22
Q

Go back to Panopto to understand this slide.

A

use whatever resources you need.

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23
Q

Progressive Pulmonary tuberculosis is often found in what groups of people?

A

Older adults and immunosuppressed people

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24
Q

How does MIliary pulmonary disease occur?

A

organisms draining through lymphatics enter venous blood and circulate back to the lung

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25
Q

What are some manifestations caused by Pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

serous pleural effusions, tuberculous empyema, or obliterative fibrous pleuritis

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26
Q

How does pulmonary TB spread to end-bronchial, enndotrachea, and laryngeal areas of the body?

A

may develop by spread through lymphatic channels or from expectorated infectious material

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27
Q

Isolated tuberculosis can occur in what organs and have what manifestations?

A
  • Meninges (tuberculous meningitis), kidneys (renal tuberculosis), adrenals bones (osteomyelitis), and fallopian tubes
    (salpingitis)
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28
Q

Vertebrae commonly affected, paraspinal “cold” abscesses may track along tissue planes and present as an abdominal or pelvic mass. This is typical of what disease associated with TB?

A

Pott Disease

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29
Q

What is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually in the cervical region (“scrofula”)

A

Lymphadenitis

30
Q

What type of Tb is contracted by drinking contaminated milk, common in countries where bovine tuberculosis is present and milk is not pasteurized?

A

Intestinal TB

31
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A
  • Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare: M. avium complex (MAC)
32
Q

Where is MAC commonly found?

A

soil, water, dust, and domestic animals

33
Q

MAC infection is clinically often seen associated with what?

A

T-cell immunodeficiency (AIDS, immunosuppression for transplant rejection or
autoimmune diseases)

34
Q

What is the common histology in HIV patients infected with MAC?

A
  • HIV patients: abundant acid-fast bacilli within macrophages, granulomas, lymphocytes, and tissue destruction are rare
35
Q

What is Hansen disease?

A

lowly progressive infection caused by M. leprae that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves

36
Q

Contrast Tuberculoid leprosy to Lepromatous leprosy and compare bot the borderline leprosy

A

Tuberculoid leprosy
less severe , dry, scaly skin lesions that lack sensation
– Strong TH1 response with IL-2 and IFN-γ
- Paucibacillary leprosy

Lepromatous leprosy
Weak TH1 response
Multibacillary leprosy

Borderline leprosy
intermediate forms

37
Q

Describe morphology of Spirochetes?

A

Grampnegative, slender corkscrew-shaped bacteria with axial periplamic flagella would around a helical protoplasm

38
Q

What is the most common organism that are considered spirochetes and what do they cause?

A

Treponema pallidum: Syphilis

39
Q

What his a C/F of infection with spirochetes?

A

proliferative endarteritis affecting small vessels with a surrounding plasma cell-rich infiltrate which is characteristics of all stages of syphilis

40
Q

Know this chart for syphilils.

A

Know the chart

41
Q

What are some serologic tests that can be performed to detect syphilis?

A

non-treponema tests
Treponemal ab tests

42
Q

Noth non-treponemal and treponmeal tests are most sensitive to what?

A

secondary syphilis

43
Q

Can both non-treponomal and treponema tests can be used for what screening?

A

screening, but positive results should be confirmed using other type because false positive results can occur in either

44
Q

What are some causes for false-positive test results for syphilis?

A

pregnancy, autoimmune diseases, and infections other than syphilis

45
Q

What are the non-treponema tests that can be used for syphilis? (how do they work)

A
  • measure ab to cardiolipin (phospholipid in host tissue and T. pallidum
  • rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and General Disease Research Lab tests
  • Non-treponemal antibody levels fall with successful treatment of syphilis, and so changes in the titers detected in
    these tests can be used to monitor therapy
46
Q

What are the Treponemal ab tests used to detect syphilis?

A
  • Measure antibodies that specifically react with T. pallidum
  • Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption and T. pallidum enzyme immunoassay
47
Q

What is Lyme disease?

A
  • Arthropod-borne illness caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi
48
Q

How is Lyme Disease transmitted?

A
  • Transmitted from rodents to people by Ixodes deer ticks
49
Q

Map out the 3 stages of Lyme disease.

A
50
Q

What is the morphology of clostridia infection?

A

Boxcar-shaped, gram-positive bacilli, grow under anaerobic conditions and produce spores that are present in the soil

51
Q

C. perfringens, C. septicum are commonly seen in what?

A

gas gangrene wounds

52
Q

What organism causes tetanus? What is a sign that a newborn may be infected?

A

C, tetani

umbilical stump

53
Q

Botulism is caused by what organisms?

A

Clostridium botulinum

54
Q

What organism causes pseudomembranous colitis? How?

A

C. difficile

Release of toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin)

55
Q

What is the morphology of C. trachomatis?

A

small gram-negative bacterium (obligate intracellular parasite), infectious form - elementary body (metabolically inactive, spore like) and metabolically active form - reticulate body

56
Q

What are the C/F of C. trachoma’s?

A
  1. Urogenital infections and inclusion conjunctivitis (serotypes D through K)
  2. Lymphogranuloma venereum (serotypes L1, L2, and L3)
  3. Ocular infection of children, trachoma (serotypes A, B, and C)
57
Q

Lymphogranuloma venerum is endemic in what parts of the world

A

endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Caribbean, and South America,

58
Q

Lymphogranuloma venerum left untreated can lead to what infections?

A

fibrosis and strictures in the anogenital tract

59
Q

What is the morphology of Rickettsia?

A

vector-borne obligate intracellular gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria although stain poorly with Gram stain

60
Q

What are the different conditions caused by rickettsia?

A

epidemic typhus
scrub typhus
Rock Mountain spotted fever
Ehrlichiosis
Anaplsamosis

61
Q

What is epidemic typhus caused by?(pathogen)

A

Rickettsia prowazekii,

62
Q

C/F epidemic typhus?

A

associated with wars and poverty, when individuals live in close contact with poor hygiene, initial macular rash, progresses to a petechial, maculopapular rash on the entire body except face, palms, and soles

63
Q

What organism is scrub typhus caused by?

A

orienta tsutsugamushi

64
Q

What is Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by?

A

Rickettsia rickettsia

65
Q

Where is Rickettsia rickettsia commonly found?

A

southeastern and south-central US

66
Q

What organism causes Ehrlichiosis?

A

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

67
Q

What is the organism that causes Anaplasmosis?

A

anaplasma phagocyophilum

68
Q

Pathogenesis of Rickettsial infections?

A
  • The severe manifestations of rickettsial infections are primarily due to infection of endothelial cells and the consequent endothelial dysfunction and injury
  • Widespread endothelial dysfunction
69
Q

What are the C/Fs of Rickettsial infections?

A

an cause shock, peripheral and pulmonary edema, DIC, renal failure and CNS manifestations due to widespread endothelial dysfunction

70
Q

Typhus fever histological features?

A

small vessel lesions and focal areas of hemorrhage and inflammation in various organs and tissue

in brain characteristic typhus nodules are composed of focal microglial proliferations with an infiltrate of mixed T lymphocytes and macrophages

71
Q

What are the C/Fs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A
  • A hemorrhagic rash that extends over the entire body, including the palms of hands and soles of feet, is the hallmark
72
Q

What are the C/F’s of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A
  • A noncardiogenic pulmonary edema causing ARDS is the major cause of death

SD IV: Block 3 Week 2 (8 decks)

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