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SD IV: Block 3 Week 2 > Infectious Disease 01: Continued > Flashcards

Infectious Disease 01: Continued Flashcards

1
Q

what is the morphology of Neisseria?

A

Gram-negative diplococci

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2
Q

Adherence to epithelial cells is done how with Neisseria?

A

long pili

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3
Q

Neisserial infections are disseminated in people who lack what?

A

complement proteins of membrane attack complex

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4
Q

Where are locations that are typically hotspots for infection by N. meningitides/who is more likely infected?

A

adolescents and young adults living in crowded quarters such as military barracks or college dorms

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5
Q

What are common features of infection with N. gonorrhoeae?

A
  • urethritis in men, untreated infection in women may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause
    infertility or ectopic pregnancy
  • Neonatal N. gonorrhoeae infection causes conjunctivitis
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6
Q

What is the common organism associated with Pertussis?

A

bordetella pertussis

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7
Q

What is a histologic feature of Pertussis?

A

striking peripheral lymphocytosis

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8
Q

C/F of pertussis?

A
  • Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis with bronchial mucosal erosion, hyperemia, and copious mucopurulent exudate
  • loud inspiratory “whoop”
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9
Q

What is the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Opportunistic aerobic gram-negative bacillus

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10
Q

P. aeruginosa is deadly in what type of people?

A

Those with cystic fibrosis, severe burns, or neutropneia

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11
Q

T/F. P. aeruginosa is a common cause of hospital-acquire infections?

A

True

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12
Q

What are some C/Fs of infection with P. aeruginosa?

A
  • Corneal keratitis in wearers of contact lenses, endocarditis and osteomyelitis in intravenous drug abusers, external
    otitis (swimmer’s ear) in healthy individuals, severe external otitis in people with diabetes

-ecthyma gangrenous (oval skin lesions)

-necrotizing pneumonia distributed in a fleur-de-lis pattern with pale necrotic centers and red, hemorrhagic peripheral areas, masses of organisms in the walls of blood vessels

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13
Q

Another name for Yersina Pestis?

A

plague

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14
Q

What is Yersinia transmitted by?

A

rodents to humans by fleabites

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15
Q

What is a chancroid?

A

(soft chancre)
it is an acute sexually transmitted, ulcerative infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi

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16
Q

C/F of chancroid lesion? (compare to syphyllis)

A

irregular and painful ulcer unlike syphilis which is painless

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17
Q

What is Donovanosis?

A

a sexually transmitted chronic inflammatory disease caused by Klebsiella granulomatis (Calymmatobacterium donavani)

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18
Q

C/F granuloma Inguinale?

A

elephantiasis of the external genitalia

associated with urethral, vulvar, or anal strictures

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19
Q

Histology of granuloma inguinale?

A

pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, Giemsa-stain: minute, encapsulated coccobacilli (Donovan bodies) in macrophages

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20
Q

Contrast chancroid to Granuloma Inguinale?

A

regional lymph nodes typically are spared unlike in chancroid

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21
Q

Mycobacteria have what morphology?

A

slender, aerobic rods that grow in straight or branching chains

unique waxy cell wall composed of unusual glycolipids and lipids including mycolic acid, which makes them immi
acid-fast

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22
Q

Go back to Panopto to understand this slide.

A

use whatever resources you need.

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23
Q

Progressive Pulmonary tuberculosis is often found in what groups of people?

A

Older adults and immunosuppressed people

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24
Q

How does MIliary pulmonary disease occur?

A

organisms draining through lymphatics enter venous blood and circulate back to the lung

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25
What are some manifestations caused by Pulmonary tuberculosis?
serous pleural effusions, tuberculous empyema, or obliterative fibrous pleuritis
26
How does pulmonary TB spread to end-bronchial, enndotrachea, and laryngeal areas of the body?
may develop by spread through lymphatic channels or from expectorated infectious material
27
Isolated tuberculosis can occur in what organs and have what manifestations?
* Meninges (tuberculous meningitis), kidneys (renal tuberculosis), adrenals bones (osteomyelitis), and fallopian tubes (salpingitis)
28
Vertebrae commonly affected, paraspinal “cold” abscesses may track along tissue planes and present as an abdominal or pelvic mass. This is typical of what disease associated with TB?
Pott Disease
29
What is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually in the cervical region (“scrofula”)
Lymphadenitis
30
What type of Tb is contracted by drinking contaminated milk, common in countries where bovine tuberculosis is present and milk is not pasteurized?
Intestinal TB
31
What does MAC stand for?
* Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare: M. avium complex (MAC)
32
Where is MAC commonly found?
soil, water, dust, and domestic animals
33
MAC infection is clinically often seen associated with what?
T-cell immunodeficiency (AIDS, immunosuppression for transplant rejection or autoimmune diseases)
34
What is the common histology in HIV patients infected with MAC?
* HIV patients: abundant acid-fast bacilli within macrophages, granulomas, lymphocytes, and tissue destruction are rare
35
What is Hansen disease?
lowly progressive infection caused by M. leprae that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves
36
Contrast Tuberculoid leprosy to Lepromatous leprosy and compare bot the borderline leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy less severe , dry, scaly skin lesions that lack sensation – Strong TH1 response with IL-2 and IFN-γ - Paucibacillary leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Weak TH1 response Multibacillary leprosy Borderline leprosy intermediate forms
37
Describe morphology of Spirochetes?
Grampnegative, slender corkscrew-shaped bacteria with axial periplamic flagella would around a helical protoplasm
38
What is the most common organism that are considered spirochetes and what do they cause?
Treponema pallidum: Syphilis
39
What his a C/F of infection with spirochetes?
proliferative endarteritis affecting small vessels with a surrounding plasma cell-rich infiltrate which is characteristics of all stages of syphilis
40
Know this chart for syphilils.
Know the chart
41
What are some serologic tests that can be performed to detect syphilis?
non-treponema tests Treponemal ab tests
42
Noth non-treponemal and treponmeal tests are most sensitive to what?
secondary syphilis
43
Can both non-treponomal and treponema tests can be used for what screening?
screening, but positive results should be confirmed using other type because false positive results can occur in either
44
What are some causes for false-positive test results for syphilis?
pregnancy, autoimmune diseases, and infections other than syphilis
45
What are the non-treponema tests that can be used for syphilis? (how do they work)
* measure ab to cardiolipin (phospholipid in host tissue and T. pallidum * rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and General Disease Research Lab tests * Non-treponemal antibody levels fall with successful treatment of syphilis, and so changes in the titers detected in these tests can be used to monitor therapy
46
What are the Treponemal ab tests used to detect syphilis?
* Measure antibodies that specifically react with T. pallidum * Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption and T. pallidum enzyme immunoassay
47
What is Lyme disease?
* Arthropod-borne illness caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi
48
How is Lyme Disease transmitted?
* Transmitted from rodents to people by Ixodes deer ticks
49
Map out the 3 stages of Lyme disease.
50
What is the morphology of clostridia infection?
Boxcar-shaped, gram-positive bacilli, grow under anaerobic conditions and produce spores that are present in the soil
51
C. perfringens, C. septicum are commonly seen in what?
gas gangrene wounds
52
What organism causes tetanus? What is a sign that a newborn may be infected?
C, tetani umbilical stump
53
Botulism is caused by what organisms?
Clostridium botulinum
54
What organism causes pseudomembranous colitis? How?
C. difficile Release of toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin)
55
What is the morphology of C. trachomatis?
small gram-negative bacterium (obligate intracellular parasite), infectious form - elementary body (metabolically inactive, spore like) and metabolically active form - reticulate body
56
What are the C/F of C. trachoma's?
1. Urogenital infections and inclusion conjunctivitis (serotypes D through K) 2. Lymphogranuloma venereum (serotypes L1, L2, and L3) 3. Ocular infection of children, trachoma (serotypes A, B, and C)
57
Lymphogranuloma venerum is endemic in what parts of the world
endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Caribbean, and South America,
58
Lymphogranuloma venerum left untreated can lead to what infections?
fibrosis and strictures in the anogenital tract
59
What is the morphology of Rickettsia?
vector-borne obligate intracellular gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria although stain poorly with Gram stain
60
What are the different conditions caused by rickettsia?
epidemic typhus scrub typhus Rock Mountain spotted fever Ehrlichiosis Anaplsamosis
61
What is epidemic typhus caused by?(pathogen)
Rickettsia prowazekii,
62
C/F epidemic typhus?
associated with wars and poverty, when individuals live in close contact with poor hygiene, initial macular rash, progresses to a petechial, maculopapular rash on the entire body except face, palms, and soles
63
What organism is scrub typhus caused by?
orienta tsutsugamushi
64
What is Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by?
Rickettsia rickettsia
65
Where is Rickettsia rickettsia commonly found?
southeastern and south-central US
66
What organism causes Ehrlichiosis?
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
67
What is the organism that causes Anaplasmosis?
anaplasma phagocyophilum
68
Pathogenesis of Rickettsial infections?
* The severe manifestations of rickettsial infections are primarily due to infection of endothelial cells and the consequent endothelial dysfunction and injury * Widespread endothelial dysfunction
69
What are the C/Fs of Rickettsial infections?
an cause shock, peripheral and pulmonary edema, DIC, renal failure and CNS manifestations due to widespread endothelial dysfunction
70
Typhus fever histological features?
small vessel lesions and focal areas of hemorrhage and inflammation in various organs and tissue in brain characteristic typhus nodules are composed of focal microglial proliferations with an infiltrate of mixed T lymphocytes and macrophages
71
What are the C/Fs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
* A hemorrhagic rash that extends over the entire body, including the palms of hands and soles of feet, is the hallmark
72
What are the C/F's of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
* A noncardiogenic pulmonary edema causing ARDS is the major cause of death

SD IV: Block 3 Week 2 (8 decks)

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