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SD IV: Block 3 Week 2 > Infectious Disease 01 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease 01 Flashcards

1
Q

What does S. aureus secrete that degrades ECM between host cells?

A

hyaluronidase

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2
Q

How do rabies, poliovirus and varicella spread to CNS?

A

by infecting peripheral nerves and then traveling along axons

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3
Q

Name some common respiratory pathogens?

A

influenza, M. tuberculosis

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4
Q

What organisms or defects can cause complement defects?

A

infections by encapsulated bacteria (S. pneumoniae), late MAC components (C5-C9): Neisseria infections

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5
Q

Cystic fibrosis can lead someone to becoming susceptible to infection with which organisms?

A

P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Burkholdaria cepacia

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6
Q

Sickle cell disease increases the susceptibility of individuals to infection by what organisms?

A

encapsulated bacterial like S. pneumoniae

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7
Q

Burns can cause a person to become susceptible to infection by what organisms?

A

P. aeurginosa

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8
Q

What are Category A agents?

A
  • highest risk, can be readily disseminated or transmitted from person to person, high mortality with potential for major public health impact
  • Smallpox
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9
Q

What are category B agents? (Give examples)

A

relatively easy to disseminate, moderate morbidity but low mortality

  • Brucella sp., Vibrio cholerae, and ricin toxin from castor beans
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10
Q

How is rubeola spread?

A

through respiratory droplets

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11
Q

Black Measles.

A

in malnourished children with poor medical care, may cause croup, pneumonia, diarrhea and protein-losing enteropathy, keratitis leading to scarring and blindness, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic rashes

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12
Q

Major late complication of measles.

A

SSPE subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis

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13
Q

What is Zika virus transmitted by?

A

Aedes mosquitos, primarily Aedes aegypti

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14
Q

Perinatal transmission of Zika can lead to what?

A

result in fetal death or moderate to severe brain defects in fetus and newborn child

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15
Q

What are common findings in newborn children with Zika infection?

A

microcephaly

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16
Q

Zika virus upon histology.

A

hinning of the brain parenchyma occurred, with microcalcifications and microglial nodules

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17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Dengue?

A

Clinical manifestations of dengue
1. Breakbone fever: fever with headache, macular rash and severe myalgias
2. Dengue hemorrhagic fever: severe dengue with bleeding, liver failure, reduced consciousness, organ
failure, and plasma leakage leading to shock and respiratory distress

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18
Q

Pathology of Dengue.

A

infection of flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes

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19
Q

Epidemiology of Dengue.

A

common in tropical and subtropical regions

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20
Q

What are the 8 types of human herpesviruses?

A

a-group viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV
b group lymphocytic viruses: CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7
y-group viruses: EBC and KSHV/HHV-8
Herpesvirus simile (monkey B virus)

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21
Q

A group viruses have what effect?

A

infect epithelial cells and produce latent infection in neurons

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22
Q

How to b-group lymphotrophic virus act?

A

(exanthem subitum /roseola infantum/sixth disease, a benign rash of infants), HHV-7 (no known disease association), infect and produce latent infection in a variety of cell type

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23
Q

How to gamma group herpesviruses act?

A

latent infection mainly in lymphoid cells

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24
Q

Monkey B virus act?

A

Old World monkey virus, resembles HSV-1, fatal neurologic disease in animal handlers, usually from animal bite

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25
Q

HSV-1 is a major cause of what complication? What lobes are of the brain are infected?

A
  • major cause of corneal blindness

– major cause of fatal sporadic encephalitis
* temporal lobes and orbital gyri of the frontal lobes

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26
Q

Genital herpes is mainly caused by what type of herpes simplex virus?

A

mainly HSV-2

27
Q

What is herpes epithelial keratitis?

A

virus-induced cytolysis of epithelium

28
Q

What is herpes stromal keratitis?

A

immunologic run to the HSV infection

29
Q

What is the lesion of chickenpox described as?

A

macular or vesicular lesion that appears as dewdrops on a rose peatal

30
Q

How does Chickenpox appear on histology?

A

intraepithelial vesicles with intra-nuclear inclusions in epithelial cells at the base of the vesicles

31
Q

CMV has what type of characteristic histology?

A

-prominent intranuclear basophilic inclusions

Owl’s eye appearance

basophilic inclusions in cytoplasm

32
Q

Compare and contrast HSV infection histology with CMV.

A
33
Q

What are some conditions EBV is associated with?

A
  • infectious mononucleosis
  • Immunodeficiency: B-cell neoplasms, Primary CNS lymphoma in HIV
  • Burkitt lymphoma: 8;14 chromosomal translocation -
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and certain other rare non-Hodgkin lymphomas
34
Q

What markers are expressed on EBV?

A

CD8

35
Q

Lymph nodes are enlarged when a person is infected with EBV because of what reason?

A

expansion of para- cortical areas due to activation of T cells (immunoblasts)

36
Q

In EBV what is the spleen susceptible to?

A

rupture

37
Q

What skin lesions is Staph associated with?

A

impetigo, and scalded- skin syndrome are the major ones furuncles (or boils) carbuncle

38
Q

Toxic shock syndrome is always caused by what organisms?

A

Staph S. pyogenes

39
Q

What is the morphology of Staph?

A

pyogenic gram-positive cocci in clusters resembling a bunch of grapes

40
Q

S epidermis is often found in what patients?

A

in catheterized patients, patients with prosthetic cardiac valves, and drug addicts

41
Q

A chronic suppurative infection of the apocrine glands, mostly in the axilla that can be caused by Staph is called what?

A

hidradenitis

42
Q

Paronychia

A

infections of the nail bed

43
Q

Felons

A

infections on palmer side of fingertips

44
Q

Lung infections

A

usually arise from a hematogenous source (infected thrombus) or predisposing condition (influenza) extensive necrosis

45
Q

Epidemiology of Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome.

A

In children with S. aureus infection of the nasopharynx or skin

46
Q

Another name for Scalded-skin Syndrome.

A

Ritter disease

47
Q

What conditions can S. pyogenes (group A) lead to?

A

pharyngitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, impetigo, rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome,
and glomerulonephritis

48
Q

What conditions can S. pneumonia lead to?

A

community-acquired pneumonia in older adults and meningitis in children and adults

49
Q

What is the morphology of Diphtheria.

A

gram-positive rod with clubbed ends

50
Q

What is a characteristic feature of infection by diphtheria and why does it happen?

A

pseudomembranous colitis a toxin mediated formation of gray pharyngeal membrane that can damage the heart

51
Q

Listeriosis clinical features in pregnant women.

A

amnionitis resulting in abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal sepsis

52
Q

Clinical features of Listeriosis in neonates and immunosuppressed adults?

A

disseminated disease (granulomatosis infantiseptica of the newborn) and exudative meningitis

53
Q

What is pathognomonic of infection with Listeriosis?

A
  • Gram-positive, mostly intracellular bacilli in the CSF is virtually diagnostic
54
Q

What is the morphology of Listeriosis?

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes: gram-positive bacillus causing severe food-borne infections in vulnerable hosts
55
Q

What is anthrax caused by? (name of the pathogen)

A

bacillus anthracis

56
Q

Describe the morpholgy of anthrax.

A

large, spore forming gram-positive rod- -
shaped bacterium found in environment

57
Q

What is the morphology of Nocardia?

A

aerobic gram-positive bacteria in soil, causing opportunistic infections

arranged in branching filaments

58
Q

Nocardia asteroids causes what typically?

A

respiratory infections

59
Q

What type of stain can you use to ID Nocardia?

A

Nocardia stain with modified acid-fast stains (Fite-Faraco stain)

59
Q

Who is at risk of becoming infected with Nocardia?

A

patients with defects in immunity due to prolonged steroid use, HIV infection, or diabetes mellitus

60
Q

Histology of Nocardia?

A

suppuration with liquefaction, granulation tissue and fibrosis, No granulomas

61
Q

What type of characteristic presentation is there in a patient infected with Nocardia brasiliensis?

A

skin infections

62
Q

Who is at risk of becoming infected with Nocardia brailiensis?

A

this who have injuries in which they have been contaminated with soil

SD IV: Block 3 Week 2 (8 decks)

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