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Hematology > Infectious Agents in blood > Flashcards

Infectious Agents in blood Flashcards

1
Q

Cytauxzoon life cycle

A

Tick vector

  • tick injects sporozoite
  • sporozoite infects monocyte
  • shizont fills up macrophage
  • shizont bursts and piroplasms infect RBCs
  • *Bobcats also serve as reservoir
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2
Q

cytauxzoon felis

host, what phase makes cat sick?, reservoirs, risk factors

A
  • host: tick
  • macrophage phase is what makes cat sick and is the driving force of anemia; replication inside monocyte
  • reservoir: wild cats, chronically infected cats
  • large range with severity
  • risk factor: outdoors, immune status
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3
Q

cytauxzoon felis : what does it cause

A
  • anemia (non-regenerative) +/- thrombocytopenia +/- leukopenia
    -hyperbilirubinemia
    +/ increased liver enzymes and abnormal coagulation
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4
Q

cytauxzoon felis : presentation

A
  • fever
  • icterus
  • splenomegaly / organomegaly
  • dyspenia
  • hypothermia
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5
Q

cytauxzoon felis : Dx

A
  • PCR takes long time

- blood slide is the way to go (look for inclusions and macrophages eating everything)

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6
Q

cytauxzoon felis : Tx and prevention

A
  • atovaquone + azithromycin
  • safe acaracides
  • stay indoors
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7
Q

babesia in cats

A

NOT IN THE USA

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8
Q

babesia large forms (found in USA)

A
  • B. Vogeli (mild in adults, severe in puppy)

- B. coco (new and rare)

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9
Q

babesia small forms (found in USA)

A
  • B. gibsoni (can be severe)
  • B. conradae
  • B. microti-like
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10
Q

babesia :

  • breed and infection predispositions
  • Dx
A
  • large form: from ticks, greyhounds
  • small form: from bite, pitt
  • Dx from blood slide (venous or ear prick); serology; PCR can tell you genus and species
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11
Q

babesia : replication and blood work findings

A

-replicates in RBC
- thrombocytopenia !!
-hemolytic anemia
-marked neutrophilia
- positive coombs is possible (immune activation)
+/- inflammatory leukogram

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12
Q

babesia clinical signs

A

-fever
-lethargy
-weakness
-pale MM
-splenomegaly
+/- renal failure and neuro signs (we dont know why)

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13
Q

babesia tx

A
  • B. vogeli : imidocarb diproprionate
  • B. gibsoni: atovaquone and azithromycin
  • -> if you’re not sure which you have, pick tx to start and wait for PCR
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14
Q

hepatozoon types and what does it look like on slide ?

A
  • oval light blue capsule effecting neutrophils
  • H. Americanum: dog is off-target host, severe illness, tissue phase causes muscle cysts, low parasitemia (dog eats tick)
  • H. Canis: dog is main host, clinically mild, high parasitemia
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15
Q

hepatozoon Americanum signs and labs

A

-fever, lethargy, cachexia, lame with muscle pain, mucopulent ocular discharge
-marked neutrophilia, mild to mod non-regenerative anemia
+/- hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, increased ALP (due to bone lysis but CK is ok which is weird)

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16
Q

hepatozoon Americanum dx and tx

A
  • muscle biopsy, blood PCR may be false negative, buffy coat examination lack sensitivity
  • H. canis: Imidocarb diproprionate
  • H. americanum: trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, clindamycin, primethamine, decoquinate for over 2yrs!
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17
Q

mycoplasma : transmission and lab findings

A
  • transmission via arthropods, flea
  • severity varies
  • parasetemia is transient and may be missed in blood smear
  • chem may be normal
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18
Q

cat mycoplasma types

A
  • M. haemofelis: most severe
  • M. heamominutum: mild, smaller looking
  • M. turicensis: mild, only isolated by PCR and never seen in blood film
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19
Q

mycoplasma risk factors

A

-feline: young (<3yr), outdoor, chronically ill, hx of cat bite abscess, male, retroviral +

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20
Q

dog mycoplasma types and blood slide appearance

A
  • M. haemocanis: unapparent dz unless splenectomized or immunocompromized
  • M. hematoparvum
  • -> little bacteria look like chains inside RBC
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21
Q

mycoplasma tx

A
  • tetracyclines, fluroquinolones

- supportive (may add pred)

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22
Q

Where to find shizonts (Cytox)

A

feathered edge

liver, spleen

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23
Q

What stage causes the disease in cytox?

A

the macrophage (shizont) clogs vessels in major organs.

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24
Q

How reliable is PCR for cytox?

A

eh
6% of healthy cats were PCR positive
chronically infected domestic cats are likely a reservoir

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25
Q

cytox blood work

A

Anemia, may cause pancytopenia if bone marrow is affected

Macrophages in liver -> Bilirubinemia, inc. liver enzymes, coagulopathy

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26
Q

Cytox. what is it?

A

protozoan

pale circle with basophilic rim infecting RBCs and monocytes

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27
Q

presentation for cytox

A

(infected 1-3 wks earlier)

fever, icterus, splenomegaly, dyspenia, hypothermia

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28
Q

Cytox treatment

A
  • Tick preventative

- Atovaquone & Azithromycin

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29
Q

Babesia, what is it?

A

Protozoal
only in dogs
small form and large form, look like tear drops.

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30
Q

Where to find Babesia

A

just in RBCs!

31
Q

Most common Large form and small form?

Which causes milk and severe disease?

A

Large: B. vogeli - mild disease
Small: B. gibsoni (all the small type cause severe disease)

32
Q

Babesia transmission

A

blood, either thru tick or bite wound

33
Q

Babesia bloodwork

A

hemolytic anemia
thrombocytopenia
possibly Coombs positive
+/- inflammatory leukogram

34
Q

Babesia clinical signs

A 
fever
lethargy, weakness
pale MM
splenomegaly
may have CNS signs
35
Q

PCR for babesia?

A

Gives you genus and species

- start treating after you diagnose on blood smear, change to more appropriate tx when PCR comes back if necessary

36
Q

Treatment for babesia

A

vogeli - imidocarb
gibsoni - atovaquone and azithromycin

prednisone if there’s a severe secondary IMHA

37
Q

Hepatozoan. what’s it look like?

A

Light blue capsule with purple nucleus (infecting neutrophils)

38
Q

hepatozoan mechanism of infection?

A

Dog eats tick or eats the muscle with encysted organisms
-> encysts in muscle

  • coyote may be preferred species for h. americanum. but dog is preferred host for h. canis
39
Q

contrast H. canis with H. americanum

A 
H. canis    / H. Americanum
dog           /      coyote
mild signs /    severe illness
multiple organs / muscle cysts
lots in blood / low level parasitemia
40
Q

clinical sings H. americanum

and blood work?

A

nonspecific - fever, lethargy, lameness, muscle pain

CBC- marked neutrophilia, mild-moderate NONregenerative anemia

Chem- hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, inc. ALP (from BONY proliferation)

41
Q

list for marked neutrophlic leukocytosis

A 
pyo-everything
IMHA
Neoplasia
Babesia
Hepatozoon
42
Q

Diagnosis for h. canis

A

muscle biopsy is the most sensitive

  • PCR of blood is ok but can have false negatives
  • buffy coat lacks sensitivity
43
Q

treatment h. canis

A

succkksss.

if using decoquinate takes over 2 years. (americanum)

44
Q

mycoplasma on smear

shipping?

A

bacteria, multiple on surface of RBCs, look at edges of cell

- shipping causes them to fall off cell surface

45
Q

mycoplasma - anemia and presentation? transmission?

A

regenerative or preregenerative mild to moderate anemia

transmission unknown

46
Q

diagnosis mycoplasma?

A

transient parasitemia, easily missed on blood smear
Chem - may be normal, hypoxia
use PCR to confirm

47
Q

most severe mycoplasma

A

M. haemofelis (large form)

48
Q

mild mycoplasma

A

M. haemonimutum (small form)

49
Q

risk factors for mycoplasma

A

<3 yrs, outdoor access, clinically ill, history of cat bite abscess, male

50
Q

Canine mycoplasma?

A

unapparent disease unless immunosuppressed or spenectomized

51
Q

Which Erlichia have round nuclei?

A

E. canis and E. chanffeensis

52
Q

Ehrlichia

A

tick borne

intracellular g- bacteria

53
Q

ehrlichia blood work

A

thrombocytopenia, mild anemia possible

54
Q

acute and chronic phases of infection of E. canis?

A

acute - 10-20 days; nonspecific signs
becomes chronic or subclinical
chronic - 40-80 days; bone marrow aplasia, ill, bleeding

55
Q

e. canis bloodwork

A

thrombocytopenia
possible anemia (esp if chronic)
may have hyperglobulins, lymphocytosis in blood

56
Q

diagnosis ehrlichiosis

A

snap test available (serologic)
PCR (splenic sample best)
hard to find on smear

57
Q

specific clinical sign for E. ewingii and A. phagocytophilum

A

lamesness due to neutrophilic polyarthropathy

58
Q

Anaplasma that doesn’t affect neutrophils?

A

A. platys - platelets -> cyclic thrombocytopenia

usually not evident in blood smear

59
Q

Histoplasma blood work

A

Regenerative anemia

inflammatory

60
Q

Rangelia vitalli

A

Brazil, not in US yet

  • bleeding from ears
  • genetically simillar to Babesia
  • also tick borne
  • infects RBC, WBC, endothelial cells
61
Q

Host only cats

A 
cytox
mycoplasma (but happens in immunosuppressed/splenectomized dogs)
62
Q

Host only dogs

A

babesia (and rangeli)
Ehrlichia (rare in cats)
Hepatozoan

63
Q

both dogs and cats

A

histoplasma

64
Q

tickborn parasites

A

literally all of them except mycoplasma which is unknown transmission and histoplasma

65
Q

infects just RBCs

A

babesia

Mycoplasma

66
Q

infects monocytes and RBCs

A

cytox

67
Q

infects neutrophils

A

hepatozoan, and then encysts in muscle

68
Q

infects mononuclear cells

A

Ehrlichia. c

69
Q

Protozoan

A

cytox
babesia(and rangeli)
hepatozoan

70
Q

bacteria

A

mycoplasma

ehrlichia

71
Q

fungus

A

histoplasma

72
Q

nonregenerative anemia

A

hepatozoan

73
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

(cytox if marrow affected)
babesia
ehrlichia
rangeli

Hematology (4 decks)

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