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Hematology > CBC Review > Flashcards

CBC Review Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytosis

A
  1. Relative - hemoconcentration
  2. Absolute
    - Primary: polycythemia Vera
    - Secondary: hypoxia, cardio/pulm disease, hyperthyroid, high altitude, renal cyst/neoplasia, EPO prod neoplasia
  3. Redistribution - splenic contraction
  4. Breed - greyhound, daschund, chihuahua
  5. Artifact - poorly mixed
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2
Q

RBC regeneration

A

3-5 days minimum; may take 5-7 with comorbitities

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3
Q

Reticulocytosis without anemia

A

hypoxic? other secondary causes?
reference interval

drugs - NSAIDs, immunosuppressives
supplements - zn, glucosamine
exercise related

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4
Q

Macrocytic

A 
regeneration
poodles
hyperthyroid
Cats with FeLV
Marrow Disease
Artifact - transit, agglutination
Hyperosmolar patient
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5
Q

microcytic

A 
iron deficiency
inflammation
liver disease (shunt)
shiba inu/akita
hypoosmolar
underfilled edta tube
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6
Q

Hyperchromic

A

Artifact only

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7
Q

hypochromic

A 
regeneration
fe deficiency
inflammation
liver disease (shunt)
(macrocytic due to hyperosmolar blood or prolonged storage/swelling in transit)
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8
Q

Calculated vs. Measured Hb

A 
MCHC = calculated (lyses cells and divides Hb/# cells)
CHCM = measured (directly measure Hb in red cells with laser)
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9
Q

MCHC and CHCM don’t match?

A

MCHC artifactually increased due to lipemia/hemolysis.

Trust CHCM more!

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10
Q

Nonregenerative Anemia

A
  1. Decreased erythropoeisis
    - inflammmation, CKD, Endocrine diseases, marrow failure
  2. Ineffective erythropoiesis
    - PIMA, Fe deficiency, Pb toxicity, EPO neoplasia, myelodysplastic syndromes, macrocytic anemias
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11
Q

Regenerative Anemia

A 
hemorrhage
Hemolytic
 - parasite
 - IMHA
 - Heinz body
 - fragmentation
 - RBC metabolic defects (Zn, dec. Phosphate, envenomation, congenital disorder)
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12
Q

Thrombocytosis

A
  1. Secondary (inflammation, Fe deficiency, hypercortisol, Vincristine, exercise/epinephrine, post-splenectomy, marrow disease)
  2. artifact (fragment, ghosts, lipemia)
  3. Neoplastic - essential thrombocythemia
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13
Q

Increased MPV

A

regeneration
KCKS, Norfolk/Cairn Terrier
Artifact

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14
Q

thrombocytopenia

A
  • consumption (DIC)
  • Destruction (immune mediated)
  • Decreased production (marrow)
  • severe hemorrhage
  • sequestration (splenomegaly, hypothermia)
  • Envenomation
  • dilution

Artifact (clotted)

Breed (greyhound, whippet, KCKS, Norfolk)

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15
Q

Neutropenia

A
  • shift to marginating pool (due to acute endotoxemia, hypothermia)
  • Marrow Diseases (trapped neutrophil syndrome, drug/toxin/virus, cytokine deficiency, severe inflammation, immune mediated destruction, cobalamin deficiency
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16
Q

Neutrophilia

A
  • shift to circulating (corticosteroids, epinephrine)
  • release from storage and delayed death (steroids, inflammation)
  • leukocyte adhesion deficiency
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17
Q

lymphocytosis

A
  • physiologic leukogram (epinephrine)
  • young animal
  • antigenic stimulation (e.canis, FeLV/FIV, mycoplasma) or immune-mediated anemia in cats
  • hypoadrenocorticism
  • hyperthyroidism
  • paraneoplastic (to thymoma)
  • lymphocytic leukemia or stage 5 lymphoma
18
Q

lymphopenia

A
  • stress leukogram
  • acute infection
  • loss of lymph (chylous effusion, lymphangiectasia)
  • lymphocytolysis (steroids, viral infection)
  • immunodeficiencies
19
Q

eosinophilia

A 
allergy/hypersensitivity
parsites
hypoadrenocorticism 
paraneoplastic
(worms, wheezes, weird diseases)
20
Q

monocytosis

A

stress, inflam, monocytic leukemia

21
Q

basophilia

A

machines can’t even count them accurately

22
Q

physiologic/excitement leukogram

A

mature neutrophilia
lymphocytosis
+/- eos, baso

23
Q

stress leukogram

A 
neutrophilia
lymphopenia
monocytosis
eosinopenia
(SMILED)
24
Q

inflammatory leukogram

A
  • Neutrophilia (may be with left shift and toxicity)
  • monocytosis
  • may be lymphopenia
  • eosinopenia

(regenerative immature neuts DON’T outnumber segs, but in degenerative they do)

25
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

26
Q

Echinocytes

A

(regular spikes)
storage
envenomation

27
Q

codocytes

A

(target cells)
probably artifact
may be hypothyroid

28
Q

stomatocytes

A

(central pallor is rectangular)

29
Q

acanthocyte

A 
(irregular spicules)
fragmentation
lipid disorders
hemangiosarcoma
Fe deficiency
30
Q

Fragmentary change

A

pre/keratocyte
acanthocytes
schistocytes (ripped)

31
Q

oxidative damage

A
  • eccentrocyte, pyknocyte(weird membranes) , keratocyte
  • methemoglobinemia
  • heinz bodies
32
Q

Cats

A

normally have up to 10% heinz bodies because they have more SH groups and a non-sinusoidal spleen

33
Q

heinz bodies

A

oxidative damage

secondary without hemolysis (hyperthyroid, DM, lymphoma)

34
Q

average platelets

A

5 platelets in a high power(100x) field

75-100,000/uL

35
Q

When do you need to correct an analyzers leukocyte count?

A

if theres greater than 5 nRBC per 100 WBC

36
Q

Bands, basophilia, and dohle bodies indicate

A

toxic neutrophils

37
Q

hypersegmented

A

5 or more lobes. hung in circulation too long/right shifted.

  • steroids, cushings, chronic inflammation
  • prolonged storage
  • heat stroke, adderall toxicity
38
Q

causes of toxic neutrophils

A

inflammation
infectious disease
endo/exogenous toxins

39
Q

ghosts

A

IV hemolysis

  • oxidants, envenomation, infectious agents
  • artifact (difficult draw, prolonged storage)
40
Q

spherocytes

A 
fragmentation/microangiopathy
Zn toxicity
hypophosphatemia (dec. ATP -> can't hold shape -> discocyte -> spherocyte)
envenomation
blood transfusion
burns 
inherited disorder 
artifact (looking at a thin area of the smear)

Hematology (4 decks)

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