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2H. Microbiology > Infections of the Genitourinary > Flashcards

Infections of the Genitourinary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Community-­‐
acquired
UTI

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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2
Q

Nosocomial
UTI

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Enterococcus spp.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Klebsiella

KEEP

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3
Q

Struvite
stones

A

Proteus
mirabilis

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4
Q

Urethritis

A

Neisseria
gonorrhoae

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5
Q

Sterile
pyuria

A

Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

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6
Q

Hemorrhagic
cystitis

A
  • Schistosoma haematobium
  • Adenovirus
  • BK polyoma virus
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7
Q

Indwelling
catheter

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Candida albicans
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Escherichia coli?

A
  • gram-­‐negaDve
    rods
  • lactose-­‐fermenDng
    colonies on EMB or MacConkey’s agar
  • *green sheen *on EMB agar
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9
Q

Where is the habitat of E. coli?

A

human
colon

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10
Q

Where does E.coli colonizes?

A
  • vagina and
  • urethra
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11
Q

How is E. coli transmitted to cause UTI?

A

ascending
infection in UTI

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12
Q

What are the pathogenesis factors of E.coli?

A
  • § pili
  • § flagellum (H)
  • § capsule (K)
  • § endotoxin** (O)**
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13
Q

E.coli is the most common cause of ?

A

community-­‐acquired
UTI

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14
Q

E.coli is the 2nd most common cause of?

A

NEONATAL
MENINGITIS

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15
Q

Escherichia
coli
TREATMENT for UTI

A

Ampicillin
or sulfonamides

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16
Q

Escherichia
coli
TREATMENT for meningitis and sepsis?

A

3°
cephalosporins

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17
Q

how is E.coli prevented?

A

limiting
urinary
catheterization

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18
Q

Staphylococcus
saprophyticus
CHARACTERISTICS

A

Gram-­‐positive cocci in clusters
§ Catalase-­‐posi9ve
§ Coagulase-­‐negative
§ Novobiocin-­‐resistant
§

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19
Q

What is the appearance of S. sprophyticus in Blood agar?

A

Whitish, non-­‐hemolytic colonies
on
blood
agar

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20
Q

What is the epidemeology of S. sprophyticus?

A

2nd most common cause of UTIs
in
sexually
active
women

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21
Q

What are the clinical finding in S. saprophyticus?

A
  • dysuria,
  • pyuria,
    and
  • bacteriuria
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22
Q

What is the treatment for S. sprophyticus?

A

TMP-­‐SMX,
quinolones

23
Q

What are the characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis?

A
  • Gram-­‐posi9ve cocci in chains
  • § Catalase-­‐negative
  • § Gamma hemolyticc colonies
  • § Lancefield group D
  • § bile and optochin-­‐resistant
  • § hydrolyzes esculin in BEA
  • § positive PYR test
24
Q

Where does E. faecalis can grow?

A

6.5% NaCl

25
Q

Enterococcus
faecalis
HABITAT

A
  • human colon
  • urethra and female genital tract
26
Q

Enterococcus
faecalis

TRANSMISSION

A

may enter bloodstream during** GIT or GUT surgery**

27
Q

Enterococcus
faecalis
SPECTRUM
OF
DISEASES

A
  • UTIs due to indwelling urinary catheters and Urinatry tract instrumentation
  • biliary tract infect
  • Endocarditis in patients who underwent GIT surgery
28
Q

Enterococcus
faecalis
TREATMENT

A
  • Penicillin
    plus
    gentamicin
  • Vancomycin
    for
    penicillin-­‐resistance
  • Linezolid
    for
    vancomycin-­‐resistant
    strains
29
Q

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • gram-­‐negative rod
  • moTILE
  • obligate aerobe
  • non-lactose fermenting
  • oxidase-positive
  • pyocyanin ( blue- green pigment)
  • sweet grape-like odor
30
Q

What is the appearance of pseudomonas aeruginosa in blood agar?

A

yellow green

beta hemolytic

31
Q

The reason for the grape like odor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is?

A

aminoacetophenone

32
Q

P.aeruginosa may be distinguished from other species by:

A

ability to grow at 42 deg celcius

33
Q

Describe the appearance of P.aeruginosa on Mconkey agar?

A
  • Flat
  • blue green colonies with very distinct feathered edges
34
Q

What are the two pigments that grow in Maconkey agar

A
  1. red pigment ( pyorubrin) non fluorescent
  2. yellow-green color (pyocyanin) fluorescent
35
Q

Pseudomonas:
Pathogenesis

A

Disease begins with attachment to and colonization of host tissue

Pili mediate adherance

36
Q

What is the spectrum of disease of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

A

URINARY
TRACT
INFECTIONS
– common
cause
of
nosocomial
UTIs

37
Q

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
TREATMENT

A

Combination of active antibiotics required because of resistance to multiple antibiotics (multi-drug resistant).

  •  antipseudomonal penicillins (ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillim)
  •  Penicillin plus beta-lactamase inhibitor (TICARCILLIN-CLAVULANATE, PIPERACILLIN-TAZOBACTAM)
  •  Third generation cephalosporins (CEFTAZIDIME)
  •  Fourth generation cephalosporins (CEFEPIME)
  •  Monobactam (AZTREONAM) – for gram negative only
  •  Carbapenems (IMIPENEM, MEROPENEM) - erapenem has no action against pseudomonas
  •  Fluoroquinolones (CIPROFLOXACIN)
  •  Aminoglycosides (GENTAMICIN, AMIKACIN, TOBRAMYCIN)
38
Q

How is Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
PREVENTED

A
  • Disinfection of water related equipment
  • Hand washing
  • Prompt removal of catheters
39
Q

Klebsiella
pneumoniae
CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • facultative gram-negative rods with large polysaccharide capsule
  • **extended spectrum beta-lactamase ( ESBL) **activity in drug resistant strains
  • urease-positive
40
Q

Klebsiella
pneumoniae
HABITAT

A

upper
respiratory
and
GIT

41
Q

Klebsiella
pneumoniae

TRANSMISSION

A
  • aspiration or inhalation
  • ascending spread of fecal flora
42
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae spectrum of disease?

A
  • pneumonia
  • UTI
43
Q

What is the characteristic of sputum in pneumonia patient caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

thick,
bloody
sputum
(“currant-­‐ jelly” sputum)

44
Q

K. pneumoniae causing pneumonia most
common
cause
in
______________

A

alcoholics

45
Q

What is the Klebsiella
pneumoniae
TREATMENT

A

culture-­‐guided
treatment
– cephalosporins alone or with aminoglycosides

46
Q

Proteus
mirabilis
CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • facultative gram-­‐negative rods
  • non-­‐lactose-­‐fermenting
  • urease-­‐positive
47
Q

What type of motility is exhibited by P. mirabilis?

A

swarming
motliity

48
Q

Proteus
mirabilis
PATHOGENESIS

A
  • ureasehydrolyzesureatoformammonia
    • ​raises pH producing alkaline urine
    • encourages the formation of<strong>struvite stones</strong>
49
Q

What is the composition of struvite stone ?

A

magnesium-­‐ammonium-­‐
phosphate

50
Q

Proteus
mirabilis
SPECTRUM
OF
DISEASE

A

COMPLICATED
URINARY
TRACT
INFECTION

  • UTI assoc with nephrolithiasis
  • **staghorn calculi ** form on renal calyces
51
Q

Proteus
mirabilis
TREATMENT

A

§ TMP-­‐SMX
or ampicillin
§ surgery for large stones

52
Q

only
causes
disease
in
immunocompromised
hosts

A

BK
polyoma
virus

53
Q

what does K polyoma virus cause?

A

causes** hemorrhagic cystitiss**
and nephropathy
in patients with solid organ (kidney) and bone marrow transplants

54
Q
A

2H. Microbiology (9 decks)

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