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Microbiology Unit 4 > Infections of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Infections of Respiratory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

  • respiratory droplets
  • diagnose using latex agglutination kit that detects Ag in throat swab
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2
Q

scarlet fever / scarlatina

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

  • some strains produce an erythrogenic exotoxin (toxin kills cells & causes intense inflammation)
  • symptoms: small red bumps on neck & groin & then spread to rest of body. Rash feels like sand paper
  • may have hyper pigmented areas: PASTIA’S LINES and/or STRAWBERRY TONGUE (covered with white membrane that sloughs in a few days)
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3
Q

rheumatic fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

  • autoimmune disorder
  • occurs after the strep throat infection is over or if strep throat is left untreated
  • causes inflammation of joints, skin, brain, heart valves (endocarditis)
  • can be prevented if strep is treated w/in first 10 days.
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4
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

Diseases caused by….

A 
G(+) cocci / alpha hemolytic / bacitracin sens.
impetigo
conjunctivitis
otitis media
sinusitis
cellulitis
necrotizing fasciitis
PANDAS
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5
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

G(+) diplococci or chains / alpha hemolytic / optician sensitive

  • capsule is critical factor in virulence
  • (#1) MOST COMMON CAUSE OF: otitis media, sinusitis
  • ALSO CAUSES: meningitis, pneumococcal pneumonia
  • treat w/penicillin, altho some strains resistant
  • Vaccine: Pneumovax, Prevnar
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6
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

G(-) rod

  • needs a growth factor present in red blood, hence Haemophilus = blood loving
  • major cause of virulence is capsule production
  • adults produce Ab, but young children are at risk
  • Vaccine: HiB; routinely given to babies
  • 2nd leading cause of OTITIS MEDIA & SINUSITIS in kids
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7
Q

Haemophilus influenzae Type B

A
  • cause MENINGITIS, CELLULITIS, & CONJUNCTIVITIS

- before the HiB, this was leading cause of meningitis and mental retardation in children

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8
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis

A

G(-) diplococci, aerobic

  • causes OTITIS MEDIA, SINUSITIS, BRONCHITIS, & PNEUMONIA (in children & adults with underlying lung disease)
  • usually produce beta-lactamase, so are resistant to penicillin & cephalosporins
  • 3rd most common cause of OTITIS MEDIA & SINUSITIS in kids
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9
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A 
Pneumonia
G(-) rods, LF, IMViC --++
- typical pneumonia
- sputum compared to "red currant jelly"
- more common in smokers/alcoholics
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10
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Primary Atypical Pneumonia / “Walking Pneumonia”

  • lack a cell wall
  • adhere to epithelial cells; don’t invade deeper tissues
  • respiratory droplets
  • occurs mostly in school-age kids & teens; comes on slowly; atypical (patchy) pneumonia
  • treat w/tetracycline, erythromycin for pregnant women & young kids
  • not sensitive to penicillins & cephalosporins (lack cell wall)
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11
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii

A 
Nosocomial pneumonia, UTI, Periotonitis
G(-) coccobacillus
- opportunistic (immunocompromised)
- part of ESKAPE pathogens
- "Iraquibacter" 
- can remain on artificial surfaces for extended period of time
- resistant to many drugs
- infections are uncommon, but usually involve organ systems with high fluid content
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12
Q

ESKAPE

A 
a group of pathogens w/high rate of antibiotic resistance that are responsible for majority of nosocomial infections:
       Enterococcus faecium
       Staphylococcus aureus
       Klebsiella pneumoniae
       Acinetobacter baumannii
       Pseudomonas aeruginosa
       Enterobacter species
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13
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

Ornithosis = Psittacosis = Parrot Fever
psittaci = parrot
- transmitted thru inhalation of dust from feces and secretions of infected birds.
- occupational hazard for those working in poultry industry
- fever can progress to persistent high fever; mental confusion
- atypical pneumonia
- prevent thru antibiotic supplements in feet & treatment of imported bird; imported birds should be quarantined

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14
Q

Q Fever

A

Coxiella burnetiii
Rickettsia - obligate intracellular parasite
- “Q”/query - etiologic agent unknown for years
- reservoirs - mainly sheep, goats, & cattle
- transmitted thru tick vector or by inhaling the microbe from infected animal
- severe frontal headache; atypical pneumonia
- can’t be distinguished between mycoplasmal pneumonia or parrot fever
- rare; high risk for pregnant women

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15
Q

Legionnaires’ disease / Pontiac Fever / Legionellosis

A

Legionella pneumonphila

  • transmission - water supplies - a/c, fountains, spa pools, misting in grocery store
  • sudden onset, weakness, headache, typical pneumonia, bloody sputum
  • treat w/antibiotics (erythromycin); resistant to penicillins & cephalosporins

PONTIAC FEVER - more prevalent, milder form of disease, shorter incubation period
- no antibiotic needed; self-limiting

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16
Q

Whooping Cough

A

Bordetella pertussis
G(-) coccobacillus; produces exotoxins
- respiratory droplets, highly contagious
- violent coughing; break blood vessels in eye, may vomit; very serious in infants (may affect brain)
- treat w/antibiotics
- vaccine: part of DTP or DTaP

17
Q

Tuberculosis (white death)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
G(+), rod shaped obligate; waxy capsule/acid fast
- respiratory droplets
- primary infection: microbes enter lungs; are phagocytized by macrophages, but not killed
- dead tissue looks dry & crumbly, like cheese = CASEATION NECROSIS = “cheese like death”
- secondary (reactivation) infection: hypersensitivity reaction can destroy lungs; patients have a chronic cough; w/o treatment, disease is fatal.
- BCG vaccine - not entirely reliable
- treat w/single drug for 1 yr. If active, muti-drug therapy for 2 years. Biggest problem is people not continuing w/drugs. - leads to resistance
Leading cause of death in AIDS patients
- Elephant to human transmission officially confirmed in 2009

18
Q

Inhalation/Repiratory Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis
G(+) rod, forms endosperm, facultative anaerobe
- vaccine available, but requires many shots
- treated w/penicillin until resistance shown; now Cipro used in combo with pen.
- widened mediastinum is a classic hallmark sign of anthrax infection

19
Q

Respiratory influenza / Flu

A

Influenza virus
orthmyxoviridae
- composed of 8 separate pieces of RNA
- animal reservoirs are critical; virus can “jump” species
- H1N1 strain:
- H3N2 strain (swine): variant of a strain that has been around since 1990
- H7N9 (avian): China; so far only transmitted bird to human. Boy found w/co-infection which could lead to mutations allowing it to be communicable between humans.

20
Q

Croup

A 
Parainfluenza virus
paramyxoviridae
- respiratory droplets
- LARYNGOTRACHEOBRINCHITIS causes airway to narrow; common in toddlers; loud, barking cough.  Symptoms worse at night;-
- treat w/cold air; cool mist humidifier
- no vaccination, treat symptoms
21
Q

Bronchiolitis pneumonia

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
paramyxoviridae
- most common cause of fatal lower respiratory infection in young kids/infants (especially preemies)
- respiratory droplets, hand to hand, nosocomial
- wheezing during expiration; rapid breathing
- no vaccine, but preemies given RESPIGAM or SYNAGIS

22
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A

Hantavirus

  • appeared in 4 Corners area of SW US
  • transmitted by long-tailed deer mouse - shed in urine, feces & saliva
  • fever, muscle aches, respiratory distress; 70% of cases die in 5-6 days (catastrophic lung failure)
23
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS CoV))

A

Coronavirus

  • originated in China
  • respiratory droplets
  • IP 2-7 days
24
Q

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome( MERS CoV)

A

Coronavirus

  • first reported in Saudi Arabia 9/12
  • IP 12 days
  • bats & camel reservoirs; no evidence yet of communicable between humans
  • acute respiratory illness; acute pneumonia & renal failure; often fatal
  • more males than females get it because of their head/face coverings
25
Q

Measles

A 
measles virus
3 C's
1.  cough
2. coryza (runny nose)
3.  conjunctivitis 
- Rash starts on face, spreads down trunk & out to arms & legs.
- Can lead to pneumonia & encephalitis
- Vaccine:  MMR given at 15 mos.
- highly contagious
26
Q

Fifth’s Disease

A

Human Parvovirus

  • “Slapped cheek” rash; sore throat, no swollen lymph nodes
  • dangerous if pregnant woman exposed (and not immune)

Microbiology Unit 4 (6 decks)

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