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PM3A: Autumn > Infections lecture 5: Viral infections and anti-viral drugs > Flashcards

Infections lecture 5: Viral infections and anti-viral drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the baltimore system grouping

A

Genetic Material

Mode of replication

Structure and symmetry of capsid

Presence and absence of envelope

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2
Q

What is a DNA virus and give examples

A

Replicates in nucleus host

Examples:
Herpes
Varicella Foster
Adenovirus

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3
Q

What is a RNA virus and give examples

A

Replicates in cytoplasm

Examples: 
Rotavirus
Enterovirus 
Rhinovirus
Rubella virus
Rabies virus
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4
Q

What are the six steps in a virus life cycle

A

Attachment

Penetration

Uncoating

Replication

Assembly

Release

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5
Q

What is an entry inhibitor and give examples

A

Prevents uncoating and release of viral RNA

example: Amantadine and Rimantadine

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6
Q

What is Pleconaril used for

A

Blocks uncoating and attachment against picorna, enterovirus and rhinovirus

(entry inhibitor type)

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7
Q

What does a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor do and give examples

A

Prevents virus replication

Examples: 
Aciclovir- herpes virus and VZV
Zidovudine- HIV
Granciclovir- Herpes
Lamivudine- Hepatitis B  and HIV
Ribavarin- influenza A, B and RSV
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8
Q

Give an example of a drug that is a integrase inhibitor

A

Raltegravir

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9
Q

Give an example of a drug that is a protease inhibitior

A

Ritonavir for HIV

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10
Q

Give an example of an exit/release inhibitor

A

Zanamivir (relenza)

OSETAMIVIR (tamiflu)

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11
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of AZT (anti-HIV drug) mechanism of action

A

Virus has RNA to create DNA- adds nucleosides to elongate chain

AZT is an analogue of a nucleoside which prevents DNA from being synthesised- blocks and prevents the elongation process

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12
Q

Give all the classes of antiviral drugs (5) NIPEE

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

Integrase inhibitor

Protease inhibit

Exiting inhibitor

Entry inhibitor

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13
Q

How are the smaller droplets more deadly

A

Airborne longer and avoid ciliary nose action: more contagious (varicella zoster virus)

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14
Q

What are the three main respiratory viruses

A

Influenza

Rhinovirus/corona virus

Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV)

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15
Q

What are the two different surface protein on influenza A,B and C and what do they do

A

Haemaglutinin (H)

Neuraminidase (N)

H and N change overtime hence classified H1N1- evolving and changing makes it difficult to target

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16
Q

How do you treat influenza patients

A

Self limiting
Elderly may develop secondary chest infection (pneumonia) that may need antibiotic treatment

Antiviral:
ZANAMIVIR AND OSELTAMIVIR (at risk patients only)

17
Q

what are the risk groups that are available for a flu jab

A

Over 65 (elderly)

Chronic health problems: asthma, COPD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver or kidney disease

Pregnant

Immunosuppesant

18
Q

How are gastrointestinal infections usually passed on

A

Faecal oral route

19
Q

How is rotavirus common caused and treatment options

A

Viral gastroenteritis (especially in children)

Self limiting
Rehydration

Babies vaccine: rotarix

20
Q

Describe the Norwalk like viruses/noroviruses transmission, symptoms and treatment

A

Transmission: faecal oral, highly contagious

Symptoms: Diarrhoea, projectile vomiting

Treatment:
Self limiting (12 to 48 hours)
Hygiene
Rehydration

21
Q

what are the symptoms of hepatitis A

A 
Fever
Nausea 
Diarrhoea
Fatigue 
Appetite Loss
22
Q

How do you diagnose Hepatitis A

A

Increased levels of SERUM TRANSAMINASE (ALT)

23
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of hepatitis A and treatment

A

Affects LIVER
Virus replicates in hepatocytes and GI epithelial cells
Released into blood and bile by mechanism which doesn’t cause cell lysis
No permanent liver damage- any damage is normally a cell mediated immune response

REST, avoid fatty food and alcohol

24
Q

What is the Hepatitis A vaccine called

A

AVAXIM- 10 year protection

25
Q

What is the varicella zoster virus (VZV), symptoms, treatment and vaccines available

A

Caused by Herpes Virus

Symptoms: Chicken POX

Treatment: calamine lotion, antihistamines, NSAIDs

Vaccines: Varivax, varilrix, zostavax

26
Q

What can varicella zoster virus (VZV) be reactivated as later in life and how do you treat it

A

Shingles
Rash and pain for 3 to 5 weeks
Long lasting problems: Neuralgia

Treatment: aciclovir or famciclovir

27
Q

What can measles mumps and rubella do

A

Measles: mental retardation and death

Mumps: male sterility

Rubella: congenital defects

28
Q

What causes a wart

A

Small tumours caused by human papilomavirus (HPV)

29
Q

How do you treat a wart

A

Keratolysis
Salicylic acid and abrasion to remove dead cells
Silver nitrate

CRYOSURGERY- liquid nitrogen to freeze pores

PM3A: Autumn (20 decks)

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