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SIU 2 Infection, Inflammation, Immunity > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Define: pathogen

A

Any organism or agent (toxin) that produces a disease

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2
Q

Define: pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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3
Q

Define: virulence

A

Intensity of disease

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4
Q

What are the 9 types of infections?

A 
Acute 
Chronic
Latent
Healthcare associated infection 
Opportunistic 
Primary 
Secondary 
Septicaemia 
Toxaemia
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5
Q

What are the 3 common bacteria that cause healthcare associated infection?

A

Clostridium difficile –> gut infection

Staphylococcus aureus

E.coli–> UTI

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6
Q

What is the difference between septicaemia and bacteraemia?

A

Septicaemia- high conc of bacteria DIVIDING in blood
More severe

Bacteraemia -Presence of bacteria in blood

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7
Q

What’s the main cause of URT infections? What bacteria can also be the causation?

A 
70% viral 
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
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8
Q

What are the 2 common URT infections?

A

Pharyngitis - throat

Tonsillitis - tonsils

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9
Q

What’s the treatment used in URT infection?

A

Oral penicillin

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10
Q

What can be the causation of an acute otitis media?

A

Mainly viral
Bac: streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilius influenzae

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11
Q

Causes of conjunctivitis

A 
Mainly viral 
Allergic -pollens
Reactive - dust, smoking 
STI associated -new born babies 
Bac: staphylococcus spp 
Streptococcus spp 
Heamophilus spp
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12
Q

Treatment for conjunctivitis

A

Topical chloramphenicol

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13
Q

The bac which involved in STI associated conjunctivitis

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

  • severe conjunctivitis in new born
  • perforation of cornea

Chlamydia trachomatis

  • adult
  • trachoma–> blindness
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14
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that cause tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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15
Q

What are the bacteria that cause pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus inflenzae
Staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

What is the main cause for acute bronchitis? What bacteria involved in 2’ infections?

A

95% viral
Mycoplasma pneumoniae -atypical pneumonia. non productive cough

2’ : streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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17
Q

What is the main cause of chronic bronchitis? (COPD)What bacteria exacerbate the symptoms

A

Usually due to smoking / irritant
Inflammation of trachea and bronchi
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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18
Q

What are the two types of urinary Tract infection? Give an example of infection. What type of bacteria are involved?

A

Ascending - entry through urethra - cystitis (E coli)

and descending - infection from blood to kidney (staphylococcus)

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19
Q

What is the impact of urinary tract infection on elderly

A

Confusion

Difficulty passing urine

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20
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

It is the complication of common bladder infection

Potentially serious kidney /ureters infection that has spread to blood

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21
Q

What are The symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Fever
Fewer UTI symptoms
Haematuria- blood in urine

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22
Q

What are the common causes of sexually transmitted infections STIs

A

Bacteria*
Viral-human Papilloma virus- cervical cancer, HIV
Fungal - Candida albicans -yeast
Protozoa

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23
Q

What are the bacteria that cause STI

A

Chlamydia trachomatis *
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Treponema pallidum

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24
Q

What are the symptoms due to chlamydia trachomatis or neisseria g

A

Women: discharge, pelvic pain–> PID pelvic inflame disease, infertility
Men: discharge–> inflame of prostate urethra. Infertility

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25
Q

Examples for latent infections

A

Herpes
Shingles- skin rash
TB

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26
Q

Describe the mechanism of action fluorinated pyrimidine analogues in treating fungal infections, name the drug

A

5- flucytosine
Disrupt RNA DNA biosynthesis
Misincorporation of 5-fluorouridine

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27
Q

Give two examples of drug that belong to antifungal class-polyenes

A

Nystatin

Amphotericin B

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28
Q

How does nystatin and amphotericin produce antifungal effect

A

Cell membrane ergosterol
(Only presence in fungus cell wall not human- cholesterol) Increase permeability of PM and oxidative damage
Not toxic to human

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29
Q

Name an example drug that belongs to antifungal class - allylamines and thiocarbamates

A

Terbinafine

30
Q

What’s the MOA of terbinafine

A

Ergosterol biosynthesis
-squalene epoxidase
Same step in human cells but not the same shape of enzyme

31
Q

Describe the MOA of azole/ triazoles

A

Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis
- lanosterol 14- deMETHYlase
Accumulation of toxic METHYLsterol intermediates- enzymes recognise increase in conc. and shut pathway

32
Q

What is the side-effect of antifungal agents

A

Diarrhoea only

33
Q

Name The drug that belongs to echinocandins

A

Caspofungin- very expensive!!

34
Q

Describe the MOA of caspofungin

A

Inhibition of Cell wall biosynthesis
1,3 betaD glucan synthase
Inhibition of glucan
Safe to patient : 16-18 long C chain

35
Q

What are the three types of helminths?

A

Nematodes - large round worms (ascaris) , threadworms , hook worms or filariae - lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis

Cestodes -tape worms. from uncooked meat, segmentated worm with eggs at the end of segment, excreted via faeces

Trematodoes (flukes)- snail intermediate host, damage to vital organs

36
Q

Life cycle of ascariasis

A 
Worm live in SI
Produce fertilised egg
Excreted through faeces 
Stay in soil for 2 WEEKS TO DEVELOP
Re ingested (egg) in SI
Larvae latch, goes to LUNG
Final stage- mouting, cough up and swallow back to SI- develop into mature worms
37
Q

Transmission and Symptoms of schistosomiasis cause by Schistosoma (blood flukes)

A

Go in the snails then human

Eggs stuck in tissues, body immune says try to get rid of it, chronic inflammation and scarring - cancer

38
Q

Give 3 example of pathogenic fungi?

A

Candida Albicans-oral, vaginal thrush, nail infection, ocular candidiasis

Aspergillus fumigatus- pulmonary infection or inhalation of spores. Asthma, TB

Dermatophytes- skin, nail, hair infection athletes foot or ringworm

39
Q

What are fungi

A

Eukaryotic org. Have true nuclei

40
Q

Fungi are divided into 2 families…

A

Yeast, unicellular, round cells, budding/ fission

Moulds, multicellular, also called filamentous fungi, produce hyphae

41
Q

Fungi are carbon Hetero/ homo trophs? What does it mean

A

Heterotrophs, they require ready made organic compounds as carbon source

42
Q

What are dermatophytes?
How is it spreaded
Common symptoms

A

They are keratinophilic moulds associated with infections of skin, nails, hair, scalp. Spread through direct contact and spores. Common symptoms are itching burning pain irritation

43
Q 
Ring worm infections 
What part of body is infected in 
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris
Tinea capitis
A

Ring worm of the skin
Groin
Scalp

44
Q

What are the ringworm treatment for tinea corporis and cruris
And other possible treatment

A

Topical imidazole

Clotrimazole, econazole, micinazole
Terbinafine >12 yo
Topical corticosteroid cream can be added in combination if severe inflam

45
Q

What are the oral therapy available for T. Corporis, cruris if topical fails

A

Terbinafine
Itraconazole
Griseofulvin -rare

46
Q

What are the treatments for tinea capitis

A

Oral + ketoconazole, selenium sulphide shampoos (risks of transmission?) or terbinafine creams

47
Q

Which fungi spp. Is griseofulvin and terbinafine active against?

A

G- microsporum spp

T- trichiphyton tonsurans

48
Q

Profile of griseofulvin

A

Narrow therapeutic range
Long course needed
Contra indication with severe liver disease n systemic lupus erythrmatosus
Avoid if breastfeeding/ pregnancy

49
Q

Things to look out for (griseofulvin

A

Potentiate alcohol effect
Interacts with Oral contraceptives -decreases efficacy
Take with fatty food helps absorption

50
Q

What’s tinea pedis also called

A

Althelets foot

51
Q

What might be the causes for tinea pedis

A

Trichophyton rubrum
Tichophyton mentagrophytes
Epidermophyton floccosum

52
Q

What are the treatments for T pedis

A

First line - imidazole cream

-terbinafine cream

53
Q

Stages of bac infection

A 
Pathogenicity/ virulence/ no. Of bac/ host IMS
Transmission 
Adhesion and invasion 
Evasion of host defence 
Multiply 
Damage host cells, get nutrients
Release toxins
54
Q

Adherence to surfaces depends on (bac

A

Adhesins

55
Q

Example of adhesins

A

Proteins -fimbrial, afimbrial surface proteins

Polysaccharides- component of cap, teichoic/ lipoteichoic acid

56
Q

E. coli binding onto bladder causes UTI

A

P pili type 1 binds to sugar moieties (mannose) of glycolipids on ep cells lining urianry travt

57
Q

3 ways of surviving phagocytosis (bac

A

Reside in phagolysosome (harsh environment low PH)
Reside in unfused phagosome (salmonella)
Destroy or escape from phagosome and live in cytosol

58
Q

Invading non phagocytic cell

A

Bac injects invasion proteins into host cell to recruit host proteins to induce phagocytosis
Secreted by g-ve bac (salmonella, pseudomonas)
Activate host signalling, recruit actin (cytoskeleton protein)
Bac taken up by NON phagocytic cells

59
Q

Extra cellular invasion (bac

A

Bac produces en. That
Attack extracellular matrix
Degrade carbs- protein complexes between cells - protease, glycanase
Disrupt cell surface

60
Q

Uses of biofilm

A

Protect from
Phagocytosis
AB
disinfectants

61
Q

Name the bac grow biofilm on microscope coverslip

A

Enterococcus faecalis

62
Q

Limiting source of nutrient for bac in host

A

Iron

63
Q

Why iron is limiting in host

A

Aerobic con. Iron oxidised into ferric form - low sol.
Complexes to protein eg transferrin in serum
Ferritin heamoglobin in interracellular

64
Q

Bac acquiring iron

A

1 direct contact use cell surf proteins: transferrin binding protein TBP and haemoglobjn BP

2 produced when conc is low. secret siderophores w high affinity for Fe- from proteins/ insoluble ferric salt. Transport Fe into cell

65
Q

Structure of siderophores

A

Catechol gp

Hydroxymate gp

66
Q

Bac evading complement of host

A

Thick Psac layer around cells- cap
Elongated (LPS) O chain bw com and bac

Prevent complement activation

Lipid A causes fever

67
Q

Resisting phagocytosis by (3)

A

Prevent contact w phagocyte (biofilms, cap)
Affect phag migration (S.pyogenes peptidase cleaves complement C5a)
Destroy phag (use toxins eg leukocidins)

68
Q

Evade host ab response (2)

A

Bind to host proteins e.g. Albumin, fibronectin - m protein s.pyogenes not detected as foreign
Produce surface protein which bind ab ‘backwards’ (Heavy chain end binds) - proA in s.aureus n proG s.pyogenes -prevent opsonisation (marked pathogens, draw WBC for ingestion

69
Q

Toxoid

A

Inactive or very low activity. Used for vaccination eg tetanus

70
Q

Exotoxin

Endotoxins

A

Activitely secreted during bac growth

Inside bac or a structure part. Not secreted. Only released when bac die and Lysis eg LPS

SIU 2 Infection, Inflammation, Immunity (7 decks)

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