Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science - biology > Infection & response (seneca) > Flashcards

Infection & response (seneca) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Infections are caused whenever …

A

a foreign pathogen invades an organism (animal or plant).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

There are four main types of pathogen:

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Viruses are …

A

tiny, non-living (do not contain cells) particles that can reproduce rapidly within the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Viruses invade 1. and use them to make 2.

A
  1. host cells
  2. new virus particles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Once the new viruses are made, they cause the cells to 1.
The cell damage makes us 2.

A
  1. burst.
  2. feel ill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacteria are …

A

small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins (poisons).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacteria can reproduce rapidly in the appropriate conditions:

A

warm, moist areas with a good supply of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The toxins released by bacteria can …

A

damage cells and tissues, making us feel ill.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Some fungi are …

A

single-celled organisms that have a body made up of hyphae (thread-like structures).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The hyphae are able to …

A

grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The hyphae produce …

A

spores that can spread to other plants and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Protists are …

A

single-celled eukaryotic organisms (they have a nucleus).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Many protists are parasites, meaning that they …

A

live on or inside other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protists are often transferred to the host organism by…

A

a vector, such as an insect or mosquito.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protists make us feel ill by …

A

damaging our tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Some pathogens contaminate water supplies. Organisms drinking this contaminated water can be …

A

infected by pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Some pathogens contaminate water supplies. Organisms drinking this contaminated water can be infected by pathogens.
————- is a disease spread in this way.

A

Cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Some pathogens are released into the air inside droplets when an organism coughs or sneezes. These droplets can then be …

A

inhaled (breathed in) by other organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Some pathogens are released into the air inside droplets when an organism coughs or sneezes. These droplets can then be inhaled (breathed in) by other organisms.
—————— are spread in this way.

A

The flu and common colds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Some pathogens live on the surface of other organisms, such as the skin. If infected skin touches a surface, …

A

some of the pathogens can transfer from the infected skin to the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The pathogen then spreads to other people who also touch that surface. ————- is spread in this way.

A

Athlete’s foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vaccination can make people immune to …

A

(resistant to) infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The more individuals that are vaccinated, the less likely…

A

the disease is to spread.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

By being hygienic, we can ——–pathogens or …

A
  • destroy
  • wash them away so that they are not spread.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

————————————————————– are all hygienic measures to prevent the spread of infection.

A

Using antibacterial products to clean surfaces, washing our hands and sneezing into a handkerchief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

By ———————–, we prevent contact with other organisms. This stops the infection from spreading.

A

isolating infected individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Some protist diseases are carried by …

A

vectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A vector is …

A

an organism that carries pathogens without being infected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Some protist diseases are carried by vectors.
A vector is an organism that carries pathogens without being infected.
For example, we can protect against mosquitos carrying malaria using …

A

mosquito nets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When a ——– invades an organism (animal or plant), it can cause an infection.

A

pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ways of preventing infection:

A
  • vaccination
  • decrease vectors
  • being hygienic
  • isolation of infected individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

To survive and replicate, viruses…

A

invade host cells (animals or plant cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The virus particle inserts …

A

its own DNA into the host cell’s DNA, which is then copied and used to make more viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Once the new virus particles have been ———- (made), they cause the cell to burst.

A

synthesised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Symptoms of measles include …

A

a fever and red skin rash.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Measles is a —— that can be fatal if complications arise.

A

virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Measles is a virus that can be …

A

fatal if complications arise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Measles is a virus that can be fatal if complications arise.
For this reason, most young children are …

A

vaccinated against measles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The measles virus is spread by …

A

breathing in (inhaling) droplets from sneezes and coughs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is …

A

a pathogen that affects plants, such as tomatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When a plant has Tabasco mosaic virus, There is unique ‘mosaic’ pattern of the discolouration of the plant that …

A

stunts the growth of the affected plant, because photosynthesis cannot take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

HIV is spread by …

A

sexual contact or the exchange of body fluids (e.g blood from sharing needles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Initially, HIV causes a 1. However, unless antiretroviral drugs are used successfully, the HIV virus enters…

A
  1. flu-like illness
  2. the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s own immune cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

AIDS is caused by 1. It is the name given to the 2.

A
  1. HIV
  2. life-threatening infections that can happen when a person’s immune system has been badly damaged by HIV.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How do HIV and AIDS differ?

A
  • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus).
  • It is the name given to the life-threatening infections that can occur when a person’s immune system has been badly damaged by HIV.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The virus particle inserts its own DNA into the ————-, which is then copied and used to make more viruses.

A

host cell’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

If food has not been cooked properly or has been prepared in unhygienic conditions, then we may ingest (eat) …

A

Salmonella bacteria that cause food poisoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Salmonella bacteria release toxins (poisons), causing …

A

fever, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Gonorrhoea is a …

A

sexually transmitted disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Gonorrhoea symptoms include …

A

pain when urinating and a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Barrier methods for gonorrhoea of contraception, such as 1. , can be used to 2.

A
  1. condoms
  2. stop the bacteria spreading from person to person.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Rose black spot can be spread in …

A

water or in the air (wind).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Rose black spot causes …

A

purple or black spots on the leaves of rose plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Eventually, Rose black spot causes the 1. This makes it 2.

A
  1. leaves discolour and fall off
  2. harder for plants to photosynthesise and plant growth slows.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When a plant has rose black spot, ————————————————– can treat affected plants.

A

Removing and destroying discoloured leaves and using fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do fungi spread and infect plants and animals?

A
  • Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that each have bodies made up of hyphae (thread-like structures).
  • The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.
  • The hyphae produce spores, which can spread to other plants and animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Malaria is spread by…

A

the female anopheles mosquito (a vector).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

If a mosquito is carrying malaria, then it ————————- when it bites them.

A

transfers the infection into a person’s bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Malaria leads to —————-, which can cause death.

A

recurring and severe fevers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Fungi are ——— or ———- organisms that have bodies made up of hyphae
(thread-like structures).

A

unicellular
multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that have bodies made up of
…

A

hyphae (thread-like structures).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Mucus is produced in the 1. and traps …

A
  1. respiratory system
  2. the particles and bacteria entering our airways.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Glands in the stomach wall produce 1. , which destroys 2.

A
  1. hydrochloric acid
  2. any pathogens that enter the stomach.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Skin is a …

A

waterproof barrier that pathogens cannot pass through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Good bacteria live …

A

permanently on our skin, covering the surface and preventing pathogens from growing on our skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Tears contain …

A

enzymes that destroy any pathogens that make contact with our eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

If a pathogen passes the non-specific defences, the ———- is activated.

A

immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The immune system is made up of different —————, which have different functions.

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is Phagocytosis?

A

A process where a white blood cell finds the pathogen and engulfs it by changing shape.
The white blood cell ingests and digests the pathogen, destroying it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Some bacteria produce toxins that can …

A

damage cells and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Some bacteria produce toxins that can damage cells and tissues.
The immune system responds to this by producing 1. , which 2.

A
  1. antitoxins
  2. neutralise the toxins released by the bacteria and prevent them from causing harm.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

White blood cells recognise foreign antigens (proteins) on the surface of pathogens and produce…

A

protein molecules called antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Antibodies are specific to …

A

particular pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

give examples of non-specific defences.

A
  • tears
  • skin
  • mucus
  • stomach acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What kind of acid does the stomach produce?

A

Hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Antigens are …

A

proteins found on the surface of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

White blood cells can recognise …

A

foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto …

A

the pathogen, effectively ‘tagging’ them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto the pathogen, effectively ‘tagging’ them.
This causes the microorganisms to …

A

cluster, allowing other white blood cells to come and ingest (eat) them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

———— are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins (poisons).

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

White blood cells are components of the:

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What are the main functions of the white blood cells in our immune system?

A
  • Produce antibodies
  • Phagocytosis
  • Produce antitoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The cells lining the nose and throat have tiny hair-like structures called 1. on their surface. The cilia …

A
  1. cilia
  2. sweep the mucus upwards to the mouth.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Mucus is produced in the 1. and 2.

A
  1. respiratory system
  2. traps the particles and bacteria entering our airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

The human body is designed to prevent ——— from entering and causing harm.

A

pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Antigens are proteins found on the surface of cells.
White blood cells can recognise …

A

foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto the pathogen, effectively ‘———-’ them.

A

tagging

88
Q

What name is given to the proteins found on the surface of cells that antibodies bind to?

A

Antigens

89
Q

A vaccination injects a …

A

dead or inactive form of a pathogen into the blood

90
Q

After killing the pathogen, some of these white blood cells remain in the blood as memory cells. If the same pathogen invades the body again, the memory cells are able to:

A
  • Produce antibodies faster.
  • Produce more antibodies, meaning that the antibody concentration remains in the blood for longer.
91
Q

Vaccinating a large proportion of the community to protect everyone in the community is known as …

A

herd immunity.

92
Q

Vaccinating the majority of people makes it hard for the pathogen to …

A

spread

93
Q

What is the name given to the cells produced during vaccination that remain in the body?

A

Memory cells

94
Q

What is a antibody?

A

Protein molecules produced by the white blood cells when recognising pathogens.

95
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes a disease.

96
Q

What is a Antigen?

A

Proteins found on the surface of some pathogens, with specific shapes that act like signals to allow cell recognition.

97
Q

Some bacteria produce toxins that can damage cells and tissues.
The immune system responds to this by producing antitoxins, which …

A

neutralise the toxins released by the bacteria and prevent them from causing harm.

98
Q

Phagocytes Are white blood cells which,

A

Engulf pathogens

99
Q

What’s the difference between antitoxins and antibodies?

A
  • Antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogen cells.
  • ## Antitoxins neutralise toxins produced by pathogens, preventing them from causing harm.
100
Q

What are specific defenses to pathogens?

A
  • antitoxins
  • antibodies
101
Q

White blood cells recognise foreign 1. on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called 2.

A
  1. antigens
  2. antibodies
102
Q

Antibodies have a —————- to the antigen on the surface of the pathogen and lock onto them, effectively ‘tagging’ them.

A

complementary shape

103
Q

Specific antibiotics are prescribed by medical doctors for …

A

specific diseases

104
Q

The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced the number of deaths from …

A

infectious bacterial diseases.

105
Q

Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because …

A

viruses stay inside host cells and are not living cells.

106
Q

Antibiotics are designed to cure infections caused by which type of organism?

A

Bacteria

107
Q

Some antibiotics work by destroying the …

A

cell wall of the bacteria so that they can’t replicate.

108
Q

MRSA is often called a “———-” because it is resistant to many antibiotics.

A

superbug

109
Q

MRSA is often called a “superbug” because …

A

it is resistant to many antibiotics.

110
Q

To help prevent strains of resistant bacteria from developing:

A
  • Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics if they are needed and not for minor infections or viral infections.
  • Patients should complete their course of antibiotics to ensure all bacteria are killed.
111
Q

Within a population of bacteria, some will have random mutations (random change in DNA).
The mutated bacteria are …

A

resistant to antibiotics and so they are able to survive, whilst the non-resistant bacteria die.

112
Q

Within a population of bacteria, some will have …

A

random mutations (random change in DNA).

113
Q

The resistant bacteria can reproduce rapidly because …

A

their competition (the non-resistant bacteria) has been destroyed by the antibiotic.

114
Q

When the resistant bacteria reproduce, they produce …

A

genetically-identical copies. These copies will all be resistant to the antibiotics.

115
Q

Penicillin is a …

A

Antibiotics

116
Q

Antibiotic resistance comes about partly because of…

A

Evolution and mutations

117
Q

The heart drug Digitalis originates from …

A

foxgloves (a plant).

118
Q

The heart drug Digitalis originates from foxgloves (a plant). It was first used …

A

200 years ago by William Withering.

119
Q

The painkiller Aspirin originates from …

A

willow trees

120
Q

———— discovered the antibiotic Penicillin, which is made from the Penicillium mould.

A

Alexander Fleming

121
Q

Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic Penicillin, which is made from the …

A

Penicillium mold.

122
Q

Nowadays, most drugs are synthesised (made) by …

A

chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.

123
Q

Nowadays, most drugs are synthesised (made) by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry.
But the ingredients of these drugs may be chemicals extracted (taken) from …

A

plants

124
Q

In the past, most drugs were extracted (taken from) from …

A

plants and microorganisms.

125
Q

Scientists are always trialling new antibiotics for when …

A

new strains of resistant bacteria appear.

126
Q

Painkillers are used to relieve the pain caused by an infection.
They do not …

A

cure diseases or kill pathogens, but they do relieve the symptoms.

127
Q

——— is an example of a painkiller.

A

Aspirin

128
Q

Viruses are found inside cells. This means it’s hard to …

A

destroy them without damaging the body’s cells and tissues.

129
Q

Antiviral drugs are used to treat …

A

viral infections

130
Q

What is the name given to drugs that kill viruses?

A

Antivirals

131
Q

New medical drugs have to be …

A

tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective.

132
Q

This testing can take many years and the drugs are tested on three main criteria:

A
  • Efficacy
  • Dose
  • safety
133
Q

Scientists carry out early stage testing on …

A

human cells and tissues grown in the laboratory.

134
Q

Scientists also carry out early stage testing on …

A

live animals.

135
Q

Testing on animals is useful for working out how …

A

toxic (harmful) a drug is to cells.

136
Q

Clinical trials test drugs on ——————— to check that they are safe.

A

healthy volunteers and patients

137
Q

If a drug is found to be safe at low doses, there are more clinical trials to work out the …

A

optimum (best) dose for the drug.

137
Q

Double-blind trials make sure that a test is …

A

perfectly fair

138
Q

Double-blind trials make sure that a test is perfectly fair.
If either the patient or doctor knew what they were taking, it could …

A

skew the outcomes of the trial.

139
Q

In clinical trials, some patients are given a placebo (—————————-).

A

an alternative that does not contain any of the drug

140
Q

In double-blind trials ————— groups receive treatment.

A

2 or more

141
Q

Clinical trials of drug testing are done on healthy volunteers and patients to check that these new drugs are safe, usually using ——- doses of the drug.

A

low

142
Q

In clinical trails, all the conditions are kept …

A

identical across the two groups so that only the drug has an impact on a patient’s health.

143
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

144
Q

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that each have bodies made up of …

A

hyphae

145
Q

The hyphae produce ——— that can spread to other plants and animals.

A

spores

146
Q

White blood cells recognise that the antigens are foreign and produce ————- against them.

A

antibodies

147
Q

The resistant bacteria can reproduce rapidly because …

A

their competition (the non-resistant bacteria) has been destroyed by the antibiotic.

148
Q

Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics if they are needed and not for …

A

minor infections or infections from viruses, protists or fungi.

149
Q

Patients should complete their course of antibiotics to make sure …

A

all the bacteria are killed.

150
Q

What’s the first stage of drug testing?

A

Pre-clinical trials

151
Q

If a drug passes the pre-clinical trials stage, what’s the next stage of testing called?

A

Clinical trials

152
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are specific to …

A

one binding site on one protein antigen (on the surface of cells).

153
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site (area) on one protein antigen (on the surface of cells).
This means that …

A

monoclonal antibodies target specific chemicals or cells in the body.

154
Q

Antibodies only fit to one …

A

antigen

155
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen). The mouse’s immune system responds by producing …

A

lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.

156
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen).
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.
The lymphocytes are

A

extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form hybridoma cells.

157
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen).
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form hybridoma cells.
The myeloma (tumour) cells will …

A

grow rapidly and lots of identical cells are produced.

158
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen).
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form hybridoma cells.
The myeloma (tumour) cells grow rapidly and lots of identical cells are produced. All of the …

A

hybridoma cells produce the same antibody.

159
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen).
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form hybridoma cells.
The myeloma (tumour) cells grow rapidly and lots of identical cells are produced. All of the hybridoma cells produce the same antibody.
These monoclonal antibodies are

A

collected, purified and can then be used to target specific cells and chemicals.

160
Q

The first step in producing monoclonal antibodies is to inject a mouse with the chosen ——- obtained from a pathogen.

A

antigen

161
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from ——- of cells. They are all identical and are complementary to one type of antigen.

A

clones

162
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced to …

A

bind (attach) to target cells in the body, e.g. cancer cells.

163
Q

We can attach anti-cancer drugs to the …

A

monoclonal antibodies.

164
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be used in different ways. However, they may cause side effects such as —————- when used to treat patients

A

fevers, low blood pressure and vomiting

165
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be used in different ways. However, they may cause side effects such as fevers, low blood pressure and vomiting when used to treat patients. Because of these side effects, monoclonal antibodies are …

A

used less commonly than people first expected.

166
Q

We can attach anti-cancer drugs to the monoclonal antibodies. When they bind to the cancer cells, they can …

A

deliver the drugs directly to the tumours.

167
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced to bind (attach) to target cells in the body, e.g. cancer cells. This is an effective cancer treatment because …

A

the antibodies cannot bind to or damage any normal human body cells (because normal cells will not have the complementary antigens).

168
Q

Pregnant women produce a hormone called …

A

HCG

169
Q

Pregnant women produce a hormone called HCG.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnancy tests to …

A

bind (attach) to the HCG hormone’s antigens.

170
Q

Pregnant women produce a hormone called HCG.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnancy tests to bind (attach) to the HCG hormone’s antigens.
If the urine contains HCG, the antibodies …

A

bind and this shows that the person is pregnant.

171
Q

Pregnant women produce a hormone called HCG.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnancy tests to bind (attach) to the HCG hormone’s antigens. If the urine does not contain HCG, then the …

A

antibodies will not bind to the HCG, showing a negative result.

172
Q

Since monoclonal antibodies are specific to one antigen, they can be …

A

designed to identify specific chemicals in the blood.

173
Q

Monoclonal antibodies identify …

A

particular molecules in a tissue or cell by binding to them with a fluorescent dye. Areas in the body with lots of these molecules can be highlighted using the dye.

174
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can identify the levels of …

A

hormones in the blood.

175
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to test …

A

blood samples for pathogens, such as HIV.

176
Q

Identify the uses of monoclonal antibodies:

A
  • pregnancy tests
  • treating diseases
  • Identifying chemicals in blood
177
Q

The first step in producing monoclonal antibodies is to inject a mouse with the chosen —— obtained from a pathogen.

A

antigen

178
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are proteins and hence need to be ————- during storage and transport to prevent denaturation.

A

refrigerated

179
Q

What is the name of the specific cell type that produces monoclonal antibodies?

A

Hybridoma cells

180
Q

Plants need many mineral ions (minerals) for healthy growth. They extract most of these mineral ions from the soil. If the soil quality is poor, plants can suffer from ion deficiency conditions (disorders), such as(2):

A
  • Magnesium deficiency
  • Nitrate deficiency
181
Q

—————- is required for the production of chlorophyll.

A

Magnesium

182
Q

Magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll.
This causes …

A

chlorosis

183
Q

When magnesium is absent, plant leaves are …

A

yellow

184
Q

Magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll.
if magnesium is not present This causes chlorosis:

A

The plant cannot photosynthesise well. This means that it cannot produce the glucose needed for healthy growth.

185
Q

————- are needed for the production and synthesis (creation) of proteins in plants.

A

Nitrates

186
Q

Without proteins, plants cannot grow. This means that a nitrate deficiency causes …

A

stunted growth

187
Q

Nitrate deficiencies cause stunted growth. This is because this ion is needed to produce:

A

proteins

188
Q

Greenflies and black flies (both called aphids) feed on —————- in the phloem. This diverts sugars away from plants.

A

the sap (a liquid in plants that stores sugars, salts and amino acids)

189
Q

Greenflies and black flies (both called aphids) feed on the sap (a liquid in plants that stores sugars, salts and amino acids) in the phloem. This …

A

diverts sugars away from plants.

190
Q

Plants can suffer from fungal diseases, such as …

A

rose black spot.

191
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: ————— to stop animals eating the plants.

A

Thorns or hairs

192
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: Leaves that close up rapidly when touched decrease 1. They may also 2.

A
  1. the surface area available to herbivores
  2. dislodge smaller herbivores already on the plant.
193
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: Some plants use ———— to trick animals.

A

mimicry

194
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: ————— are produced by some plants, such as mint, garlic and witch hazel. They work like antibiotics to stop populations of bacteria from growing.

A

Antibacterial chemicals

195
Q

Some plants use mimicry (copying) to trick animals.
An example is a …

A

pattern on leaves that resembles the presence of insect eggs. Insects avoid laying their eggs on them in order to avoid competition.

196
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: Poisons are produced by many plants, including …

A

foxglove and deadly nightshade, to deter herbivores.

197
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: Bark is made of …

A

dead cells that acts as a barrier of protection for the stem against pathogens and pests (like aphids).

198
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: ———— is a barrier on the surface of leaves and stems to stop pathogens invading leaf tissue.

A

Waxy cuticle

199
Q

Plants have lots of defences against infections and harm from other organisms. They include: ————-, are a physical barrier to stop pathogens entering cells.

A

Cell walls, which are made of cellulose

200
Q

Plants can have chemical defences. For instance, antibacterial chemicals work like antibiotics to prevent the growth of ——— , whereas poisons are produced to deter herbivores.

A

bacteria

201
Q

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

Fungal

202
Q

What is stored in cell sap in plants?

A
  • amino acids
  • salts
  • sugars
203
Q

Greenflies and black flies (both called ———-) feed on the sap (a liquid in plants that stores sugars, salts and amino acids) in the phloem. This takes sugars away from plants.

A

aphids

204
Q

The following are all signs of plant disease:

A
  • Malformed stems or leaves
  • Areas of decay (rot)
  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on leaves
  • Growths
  • Discolouration
  • Presence of pests
205
Q

There are three methods you can use to identify a plant’s disease. These are:

A
  • Testing kit
  • Gardening manual
  • Laboratory
206
Q

Laboratory method can be used to identify a plant’s disease. This includes…

A

taking an infected plant to a laboratory to identify the pathogen.

207
Q

Gardening manual can be used to identify a plant’s disease.
This includes…

A

a gardening manual or website.

208
Q

Testing kits can be used to identify a plant’s disease.
This includes…

A

Using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.

209
Q

What do kits for testing plant disease contain?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

210
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein …

A

antigen

211
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen).
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form …

A

hybridoma cells

212
Q

A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen (obtained from a pathogen).
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibodies against that antigen.
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form hybridoma cells.
The myeloma (tumour) cells grow rapidly and lots of ———- cells are produced.

A

identical

213
Q

Where is sap found in a plant?

A

Phloem

214
Q

If a plant has a magnesium deficiency, this will result in:

A
  • yellow leaves
  • lack of glucose
  • chlorosis

Science - biology (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions