infection/response Flashcards
Give three examples of viral diseases
Measles, AIDs and the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are examples of viral diseases
How does HIV cause harm?
HIV or AIDS damages the immune system so that it can’t fight other infections or cancer
Give two examples of bacterial diseases
Gonorrhoea and Salmonella
How are bacterial diseases usually treated?
Usually treated with antibiotics such as penicillin.
Give two examples of fungal diseases
Athlete’s foot and Rose black spot
What is rose black spot?
Rose black spot is a fungal disease which causes leaves to turn yellow and eventually drop off.
How is rose black spot treated?
Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides or by destroying the affected leaves
Give an example of a protist
An example of a protist is Plasmodium, causing malaria.
What are the non-specific defence systems of the body?
Non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens include the skin, nose, trachea, bronchi and stomach
How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by: phagocytosis, antibody production and antitoxin production
What do vaccinations do?
Vaccinations produce immunity to an infection
Where were traditional drugs extracted from?
Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and micro-organisms
Where does aspirin originate from?
The painkiller aspirin originates from the bark of the Willow tree
Name the four types of microorganism.
Bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists are examples of microorganisms
How can infections in plants and animals be spread?
Infections in plants and animals can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.
What stages are there in testing new drugs?
Lab tests on tissues → lab tests on animals → small trial on healthy volunteers → large trials on patients
What is a placebo?
A placebo is a fake pill that does not contain the active medicine and they are given to patients in some double blind trials
What is a double blind trial?
A trial where neither the patient nor doctor know whether they are getting the new drug or a placebo.
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
What is an antigen?
Found on the surface of pathogens, recognised by antibodies
What is an antibody?
Made by white blood cells, bind to antigens
What is an antitoxin?
Made by white blood cells, bind to toxins
What is phagocytosis?
When pathogens are engulfed by white blood cells
