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Biology GCSE > INFECTION & RESPONSE > Flashcards

INFECTION & RESPONSE Flashcards

1
Q

Communicable disease

A

diseases that are spread between people, are caught, and cause infection and are caused by pathogens

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2
Q

pathogen

A

Micro-organisms which cause disease

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3
Q

prokaryotic

A

does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

vector

A

a carrier of a parasite but is not infected by it

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5
Q

host

A

carries disease inside cells

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6
Q

antibody

A

specialised protein molecule which binds specifically to antigen

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7
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

solid substances/ whole organisms brought inside cell via invagination - engulfed
Vacuole formed - inner surface derived from outer surface of cell membrane - the membrane is the phagosome
Bacteria destroyed by enzymes

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8
Q

b-cells

A

When antigens are removed, the pathogen is ineffective - has been neutralised - Remain in organs of immune system - ie spleen, thymus - send antibodies to infection - Each lymphocyte produces one type of antibody

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9
Q

t-cells

A

Toxins cause symptoms of illness
Antitoxins bind to toxins to prevent feelings of illness - alleviate symptoms
T-cells travel from immune system organs to infection to release complimentary antitoxins to neutralise toxins

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10
Q

Bactericidal antibiotic:

A

kills/destroys bacteria

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11
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

stops bacteria growing/reproducing

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12
Q

efficacy

A

does it work to kill pathogens/reduce symptoms/prevent disease

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13
Q

dosage

A

how much should be used and for how long

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14
Q

toxicity

A

is it safe - it shouldn’t kill cells or cause serious side effects

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15
Q

double-blind trial

A

subject and researcher don’t know whether the drug or a placebo has been given - Eliminate researcher bias, Avoid unreliable results/Bribery, Avoid placebo effect

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16
Q

parts of a bacteria

A

Flagellum, nucleoid (bacterial DNA), cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, cytoplasm, plasmid

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17
Q

symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever, stomach cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, chills, headache

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18
Q

causes of salmonella

A

Eating food contaminated with animal faeces
Contact with infected animals
Door handles

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19
Q

treatment of salmonella

A

Separating raw meat and poultry from produce
Washing hands/boards/cutlery/utensils/fruit&veg
Antibiotics
Drink extra fluids

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20
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea

A

Pain, discomfort, bleeding outside of periods, unusual discharge

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21
Q

causes of gonorrhea

A

Infected bodily fluids during intercourse

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22
Q

prevention and treatment of gonorrhea

A

Antibiotic injection
Condoms
Not sharing sex toys

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23
Q

anatomy of a virus

A

protein molecules, capsid, DNA or RNA (nucleic acid), envelope protein

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24
Q

symptom of HIV

A

Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhoea, weight loss, pneumonia

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25
Q

cause of HIV

A

Sexual contact with infected partner
Blood contamination

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26
Q

Treatment of HIV

A

Antiretroviral therapy
Condoms
Not sharing needles
Preventative medicines
Limit sexual partners

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27
Q

symptoms of measles

A

High fever, cough, runny nose, watery eyes, rash

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28
Q

spread of measles

A

Coughing, sneezing - direct contact with nasal or throat secretions

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29
Q

treatment of measles

A

Painkillers
Vaccination
Wash hands
Use tissues

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30
Q

symptoms of rose black spot

A

purplish/black spots on upper leaf surface
Yellow leaves
Dropping leaves

31
Q

spread of rose black spot

A

Spores in wind/water

32
Q

treatments of rose black spot

A

Fungicides
removing/destroying infected leaves
Not planting roses too close together

33
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

fever , chills, headache, nausea, muscle aches, anaemia, jaundice

34
Q

treatment of malaria

A

Long sleeved clothing, mosquito nets
Covering water sources
Spray water sources with insecticide
Preventative medicine

35
Q

life cycle of malaria

A

Person is bitten - saliva injected into person
Parasites travel through blood stream to liver - reproduce rapidly
Every 4-5 days burst out of liver cells, destroying them, infect new cells
Cycle repeats

36
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

E: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, ribosomes
P: Nucleoid, Flagellum, Capsule, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, ribosomes

37
Q

function of skin

A

Barrier to prevent pathogens entering body - Sweat, epithelial cells, scabs, blood clots, Sheds, waterproof, Specialised immune cells in skin tissue, Secretion of sebum (anti-microbial)

38
Q

how pathogens can enter body through skin

A

Cuts in skin
Bites
contact/absorption

39
Q

function of nose

A

Stops pathogens entering body, traps & ejects them - Ciliated cells, Mucus, Sneezing, Hairs

40
Q

how pathogens can enter body through nose

A

Breathing it in

41
Q

function of trachea/bronchi

A

Catch & eject pathogens to stop them entering body - Cilia, Coughing

42
Q

function of stomach

A

HCl acid -> Kills pathogens

43
Q

function of eyes

A

Barrier and removal method for pathogens - Tears - contain lysozyme - damages bacterial cells, Eyelashes

44
Q

defence mechanisms of reproductive organs

A

Physical barrier - epithelial cells, Uterus lined with acid, Secretion and bodily fluids with antibacterial agent

45
Q

defence mechanisms of mouth

A

Saliva contains antibodies - also washes bacteria into stomach & then vomit, Oral mucosa

46
Q

process of vaccination

A
  1. Weakened or dead form of pathogen injected into body - cannot cause serious disease 2. Phagocytes engulf pathogen - display antigens on surface of cells 3. Phagocytes go to lymph glands - locate B-cells 4. B-cells cloned by mitosis 5. B-cells produce antibodies - send into blood stream 6. Antibodies immobilise antigens - cannot infect any more human cells 7. B-cells become memory cells - if exposed again, will recognise pathogen immediately, producing antibodies in large numbers so no symptoms occur
47
Q

what is different in 2nd exposure to disease

A

More antibodies - there are more T & B cells as memory cells, so more antibodies can be produced; Antibodies made faster - memory cells remember pathogen antigens - does not have to locate T & B cells - more T & B cells to produce them; Antibodies last longer - more of them are made

48
Q

causes of antibiotic resistance

A

Using antibiotics to treat a virus
Preventative use in farming
Not finishing a course
Not taking a high enough dose
Not taking antibiotics specific to bacteria causing illness

49
Q

process of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Normal bacteria 2. Random mutation occurs which makes 1 bacterium resistance to antibiotic 3. Initially, mutation has no advantage 4. If antibiotic used, unadapted die - resistant have advantage and survive 5. Resistant reproduce and pass resistance to offspring and become dominant species
50
Q

examples of, function, problems with: antibiotics

A

Penicillin, methicillin, ampicillin
Kill bacteria
Resistance

51
Q

examples of, function, problems with: painkillers

A

Ibuprofen, paracetamol, aspirin
Reduce symptoms
Addictive

52
Q

examples of, function, problems with: antiretroviral

A

COVID, malaria
Destroy viruses
Not effective

53
Q

digitalis source and use

A

foxgloves - heart disease

54
Q

penicillin source and use

A

Penicillium mould - Discovered by Fleming - antibiotic

55
Q

aspirin source and use

A

From willow - Painkiller

56
Q

preclinical drugs testing

A

Using donated cells - Looking for efficacy and toxicity
Using donated tissues - Testing for efficacy and toxicity - Larger sample of cells to increase accuracy
Using live animals - Testing for efficacy and toxicity within a whole organism

57
Q

clinical drugs testing

A

Healthy volunteers - Testing toxicity - side effects - Low dosage
Patients - Start small (10-50) then large no.patients (10000) - Testing efficacy and dosage

58
Q

evidence of plant disease

A
  1. Stunted growth
  2. Spots on leaves
  3. Areas of decay
  4. Unusual growths
  5. Malformed stem/leaves
  6. Discolouration
  7. Presence of pests
59
Q

TMV symptoms

A

Pattern of light & dark green on leaves, Malformed leaves, Yellow streaked leaves, Yellow veins - Less chlorophyll -> Harder to photosynthesise

60
Q

TMV causes

A

Worker’s hands/tools/clothes/Contact with animals
Leaves rubbing together

61
Q

TMV treatment

A

Destroy infected plant
Use sterile equipment
Rotate crops

62
Q

result of mg deficiency

A

Can’t make chlorophyll -> cant absorb light -> cant photosynthesise -> cant create glucose -> cant release energy/respire -> cant survive/grow

63
Q

result of nitrates deficiency

A

Nitrate + glucose -> amino acids
Cant make proteins so cant grow

64
Q

acacia defences

A

Lots of thorns, High crown
Avoids short animals, Deters sensitive animals

65
Q

nettle defences

A

Stinging hairs - Deters sensitive animals

66
Q

pebble plant defences

A

Mimics rocks - Camouflage

67
Q

passion flower defences

A

Mimics butterfly eggs - Stops butterflies laying there

68
Q

bracken defences

A

Poisons in leaves that cause cancer/blindness - Poisons herbivores

69
Q

mimosa plant defences

A

Rapid movement - Avoids herbivores

70
Q

dead nettle defences

A

Looks like nettles - Tricks herbivores

71
Q

production of monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. Mouse is vaccinated to start formation of antibodies 2. Spleen cells that form antibodies are collected in operation 3. Fused with tumour cells called myeloma cells 4. Forms hybridoma cells 5. Grown in lab - those that produce antibodies are separated 6. Antibodies are collected
72
Q

mAbs and pregnancy kits

A
  1. Urine passes through reaction zone
  2. HCG hormone attaches to mobile antibodies
  3. HCG also attaches to immobilised antibodies
  4. HCG that does not bind to antibodies will only attach to antibodies in control zone
  5. Blue lines appear
73
Q

measuring antigens with mAbs

A
  1. Line test tube with antibodies
  2. Add blood
  3. Antigens bind to antibodies
  4. Add more antibodies (same as 1) with enzyme attached
  5. If blood contains antigens, antibodies will also bind to antigens
  6. Rinse away anything that didnt bind
  7. Add substrate that causes colour change

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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