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Biology GCSE > INFECTION & RESPONSE > Flashcards

INFECTION & RESPONSE Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Communicable disease

A

diseases that are spread between people, are caught, and cause infection and are caused by pathogens

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2
Q

pathogen

A

Micro-organisms which cause disease

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3
Q

prokaryotic

A

does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

vector

A

a carrier of a parasite but is not infected by it

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5
Q

host

A

carries disease inside cells

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6
Q

antibody

A

specialised protein molecule which binds specifically to antigen

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7
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

solid substances/ whole organisms brought inside cell via invagination - engulfed
Vacuole formed - inner surface derived from outer surface of cell membrane - the membrane is the phagosome
Bacteria destroyed by enzymes

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8
Q

b-cells

A

When antigens are removed, the pathogen is ineffective - has been neutralised - Remain in organs of immune system - ie spleen, thymus - send antibodies to infection - Each lymphocyte produces one type of antibody

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9
Q

t-cells

A

Toxins cause symptoms of illness
Antitoxins bind to toxins to prevent feelings of illness - alleviate symptoms
T-cells travel from immune system organs to infection to release complimentary antitoxins to neutralise toxins

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10
Q

Bactericidal antibiotic:

A

kills/destroys bacteria

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11
Q

Bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

stops bacteria growing/reproducing

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12
Q

efficacy

A

does it work to kill pathogens/reduce symptoms/prevent disease

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13
Q

dosage

A

how much should be used and for how long

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14
Q

toxicity

A

is it safe - it shouldn’t kill cells or cause serious side effects

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15
Q

double-blind trial

A

subject and researcher don’t know whether the drug or a placebo has been given - Eliminate researcher bias, Avoid unreliable results/Bribery, Avoid placebo effect

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16
Q

parts of a bacteria

A

Flagellum, nucleoid (bacterial DNA), cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, cytoplasm, plasmid

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17
Q

symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever, stomach cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, chills, headache

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18
Q

causes of salmonella

A

Eating food contaminated with animal faeces
Contact with infected animals
Door handles

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19
Q

treatment of salmonella

A

Separating raw meat and poultry from produce
Washing hands/boards/cutlery/utensils/fruit&veg
Antibiotics
Drink extra fluids

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20
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea

A

Pain, discomfort, bleeding outside of periods, unusual discharge

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21
Q

causes of gonorrhea

A

Infected bodily fluids during intercourse

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22
Q

prevention and treatment of gonorrhea

A

Antibiotic injection
Condoms
Not sharing sex toys

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23
Q

anatomy of a virus

A

protein molecules, capsid, DNA or RNA (nucleic acid), envelope protein

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24
Q

symptom of HIV

A

Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhoea, weight loss, pneumonia

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25
cause of HIV
Sexual contact with infected partner Blood contamination
26
Treatment of HIV
Antiretroviral therapy Condoms Not sharing needles Preventative medicines Limit sexual partners
27
symptoms of measles
High fever, cough, runny nose, watery eyes, rash
28
spread of measles
Coughing, sneezing - direct contact with nasal or throat secretions
29
treatment of measles
Painkillers Vaccination Wash hands Use tissues
30
symptoms of rose black spot
purplish/black spots on upper leaf surface Yellow leaves Dropping leaves
31
spread of rose black spot
Spores in wind/water
32
treatments of rose black spot
Fungicides removing/destroying infected leaves Not planting roses too close together
33
symptoms of malaria
fever , chills, headache, nausea, muscle aches, anaemia, jaundice
34
treatment of malaria
Long sleeved clothing, mosquito nets Covering water sources Spray water sources with insecticide Preventative medicine
35
life cycle of malaria
Person is bitten - saliva injected into person Parasites travel through blood stream to liver - reproduce rapidly Every 4-5 days burst out of liver cells, destroying them, infect new cells Cycle repeats
36
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic
E: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, ribosomes P: Nucleoid, Flagellum, Capsule, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, ribosomes
37
function of skin
Barrier to prevent pathogens entering body - Sweat, epithelial cells, scabs, blood clots, Sheds, waterproof, Specialised immune cells in skin tissue, Secretion of sebum (anti-microbial)
38
how pathogens can enter body through skin
Cuts in skin Bites contact/absorption
39
function of nose
Stops pathogens entering body, traps & ejects them - Ciliated cells, Mucus, Sneezing, Hairs
40
how pathogens can enter body through nose
Breathing it in
41
function of trachea/bronchi
Catch & eject pathogens to stop them entering body - Cilia, Coughing
42
function of stomach
HCl acid -> Kills pathogens
43
function of eyes
Barrier and removal method for pathogens - Tears - contain lysozyme - damages bacterial cells, Eyelashes
44
defence mechanisms of reproductive organs
Physical barrier - epithelial cells, Uterus lined with acid, Secretion and bodily fluids with antibacterial agent
45
defence mechanisms of mouth
Saliva contains antibodies - also washes bacteria into stomach & then vomit, Oral mucosa
46
process of vaccination
1. Weakened or dead form of pathogen injected into body - cannot cause serious disease 2. Phagocytes engulf pathogen - display antigens on surface of cells 3. Phagocytes go to lymph glands - locate B-cells 4. B-cells cloned by mitosis 5. B-cells produce antibodies - send into blood stream 6. Antibodies immobilise antigens - cannot infect any more human cells 7. B-cells become memory cells - if exposed again, will recognise pathogen immediately, producing antibodies in large numbers so no symptoms occur
47
what is different in 2nd exposure to disease
More antibodies - there are more T & B cells as memory cells, so more antibodies can be produced; Antibodies made faster - memory cells remember pathogen antigens - does not have to locate T & B cells - more T & B cells to produce them; Antibodies last longer - more of them are made
48
causes of antibiotic resistance
Using antibiotics to treat a virus Preventative use in farming Not finishing a course Not taking a high enough dose Not taking antibiotics specific to bacteria causing illness
49
process of antibiotic resistance
1. Normal bacteria 2. Random mutation occurs which makes 1 bacterium resistance to antibiotic 3. Initially, mutation has no advantage 4. If antibiotic used, unadapted die - resistant have advantage and survive 5. Resistant reproduce and pass resistance to offspring and become dominant species
50
examples of, function, problems with: antibiotics
Penicillin, methicillin, ampicillin Kill bacteria Resistance
51
examples of, function, problems with: painkillers
Ibuprofen, paracetamol, aspirin Reduce symptoms Addictive
52
examples of, function, problems with: antiretroviral
COVID, malaria Destroy viruses Not effective
53
digitalis source and use
foxgloves - heart disease
54
penicillin source and use
Penicillium mould - Discovered by Fleming - antibiotic
55
aspirin source and use
From willow - Painkiller
56
preclinical drugs testing
Using donated cells - Looking for efficacy and toxicity Using donated tissues - Testing for efficacy and toxicity - Larger sample of cells to increase accuracy Using live animals - Testing for efficacy and toxicity within a whole organism
57
clinical drugs testing
Healthy volunteers - Testing toxicity - side effects - Low dosage Patients - Start small (10-50) then large no.patients (10000) - Testing efficacy and dosage
58
evidence of plant disease
1. Stunted growth 2. Spots on leaves 3. Areas of decay 4. Unusual growths 5. Malformed stem/leaves 6. Discolouration 7. Presence of pests
59
TMV symptoms
Pattern of light & dark green on leaves, Malformed leaves, Yellow streaked leaves, Yellow veins - Less chlorophyll -> Harder to photosynthesise
60
TMV causes
Worker’s hands/tools/clothes/Contact with animals Leaves rubbing together
61
TMV treatment
Destroy infected plant Use sterile equipment Rotate crops
62
result of mg deficiency
Can’t make chlorophyll -> cant absorb light -> cant photosynthesise -> cant create glucose -> cant release energy/respire -> cant survive/grow
63
result of nitrates deficiency
Nitrate + glucose -> amino acids Cant make proteins so cant grow
64
acacia defences
Lots of thorns, High crown Avoids short animals, Deters sensitive animals
65
nettle defences
Stinging hairs - Deters sensitive animals
66
pebble plant defences
Mimics rocks - Camouflage
67
passion flower defences
Mimics butterfly eggs - Stops butterflies laying there
68
bracken defences
Poisons in leaves that cause cancer/blindness - Poisons herbivores
69
mimosa plant defences
Rapid movement - Avoids herbivores
70
dead nettle defences
Looks like nettles - Tricks herbivores
71
production of monoclonal antibodies
1. Mouse is vaccinated to start formation of antibodies 2. Spleen cells that form antibodies are collected in operation 3. Fused with tumour cells called myeloma cells 4. Forms hybridoma cells 5. Grown in lab - those that produce antibodies are separated 6. Antibodies are collected
72
mAbs and pregnancy kits
1. Urine passes through reaction zone 2. HCG hormone attaches to mobile antibodies 3. HCG also attaches to immobilised antibodies 4. HCG that does not bind to antibodies will only attach to antibodies in control zone 5. Blue lines appear
73
measuring antigens with mAbs
1. Line test tube with antibodies 2. Add blood 3. Antigens bind to antibodies 4. Add more antibodies (same as 1) with enzyme attached 5. If blood contains antigens, antibodies will also bind to antigens 6. Rinse away anything that didnt bind 7. Add substrate that causes colour change

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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