Infection prevention and control

Question 1

What is aerosol

Answer 1

Collection of solid or liquid particles of any size suspended in a gas

Question 2

What does VOC stand for

Answer 2

Varient of concern

Question 3

What is a VOC

Answer 3

changes have a clinical or public health significance that affects one or more of
-transmissibility
-virulence
-vaccine
-diagnostic testing

Question 4

What VOC emerged in 2021 of Covid 19

Answer 4

Alpha (B.1.1.7)
Delta (B.1.617.2)
Omicron (B.1.1.5.29)

Question 5

How many copies of RNA must be in saliva for Covid variants to be detected

Answer 5

62 copies per ml

Question 6

Why may phone swabs be taken in detecting viruses

Answer 6

As a measure of fomite contamination

Question 7

What is the main mode of transmission of Alpha Delta and Omicron varianta of Covid 19

Answer 7

Significantlygreater via aerosol shedding

Question 8

Which variant of Covid was present most in exhaled breath

Answer 8

Omicron

Question 9

Where was viral cultures found in the results

Answer 9

recovered infectious virus
from ALL sample types
except phone swabs

Question 10

What were the limitations to the Exhaled Breath Aerosol Shedding of Highly Transmissible Versus Prior Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants experiment

Answer 10

Care with interpreting PCR and viral culture
No sampling through out entire infection
Relatively small sample size (93 individuals age 6-66)

Question 11

What conclusions can be drawn from the Covid study

Answer 11

-Evolution favours variants with higher viral aerosol shedding
-Shedding of virus when vaccinated and bosted still occurs
-Emphasises importance of
non-pharmaceutical intervention (ventilation, lock downs)
-Omicron spread probably due to
immune evasion and high viral shedding

Question 12

What are the standard precautions taken in dental treatment

Answer 12

= Very difficult to assess infectious state of patient
= assume all infectious
= treat all patients to the same high standard
= No discrimination

Question 13

What are some respiratory infections accepted to be mainly transmitted by aerosol

Answer 13

TB
Measels
Chicken Pox

Question 14

What factors affect the aerosolisation and transport of suspended particles

Answer 14

Momentum
Air speed
Turbulence
Direction
Temperature
Relative humidity

Question 15

When are transmission based precautions implemented

Answer 15

In case of known or suspected cases

Question 16

Why are cases of Covid 19 often hard to identify

Answer 16

High frequency of
-asymptomatic
-paici-symptomatic (few)
-pre-symptomatic

Question 17

When is transmission of SARS-CoV-2 most likely

Answer 17

Three C’s present
-Closed settings poor ventilation
-Close contact
-Crowding

Question 18

How many airchanges per hour are recommended in dental surgeries

Answer 18

10 air changes

Question 19

What engineering controls are used in dentistry

Answer 19

Rubber Dam
High volume aspiration
Effective surgery ventilation

Question 20

Why should standard precautions include ‘safe ventilation’

Answer 20

To minimise airborne risks for all patients and staff

Question 21

What conc of CO2 should be maintained

Answer 21

Below 800ppm