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microbio uliana > Infection Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Infection Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

acute infection

A

HAV

self limiting

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2
Q

latent infection

A

varicella zoster

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3
Q

chronic infection

A 
HBV
late diseases:
HLTV 1
HIV
HBV
BCV
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4
Q

localized

A

at the specific site
papiloma
flu

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5
Q

systemic infection

A

disseminated usually via blood or lymphatics viremia means virus in the blood
chicken pox
measles

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6
Q

inhalation

A

Particles in upper tract are usually swallowed
Particles in lower tract are swept to back of throat and coughed out
Small particles (<5μM) enter lungs and reach alveolar sacs - no mucus or ciliated cells
macrophages and IgG and IgA are there. MØ engulf particles.

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7
Q

examples of inhalation viruses

A

Common cold viruses:Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza virus
Adenoviruses
Influenza viruses
Mumps
Measles
Chickenpox
Hantavirus
Corona viruses:
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) (2003)
MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) (2013)

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8
Q

mumps, measles, chickpox

A

walk into the room- get it

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9
Q

airborne

A

easily spread via small (ca. 5 μM) aerosols that

are naturally produced by breathing.

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10
Q

“Droplet”

A

larger than aerosols but don’t linger in the air efficiently, such as a
sneeze.

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11
Q

respiratory viruses with respiratory symptoms

A 
Rhinovirus
influenza A n B
Parainfluenza 
Adenovirus
Coronavirus (SARS), (MERS)
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12
Q

respiratory viruses that don’t cause respiratory symptoms but rashes

A 
Mumps
Measles
Varicella zoster
Variola virus
Hantaan v
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13
Q

digestive tract

A

acidic
intestine is alkaline, has mucus and IgA
digestive enzymes - trypsin cleaves proteins at arginine and lysine amino acids
bile detergents
rotaviruses are activated by stomach/intestinal proteases.

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14
Q

Examples of enteric viruses

A

Picornaviruses (Polio, Enteroviruses, Coxsackievirus)
Enteric Adenoviruses
Reoviruses - rotaviruses
Enteric Coronaviruses( only enveloped here)
HAV - Hepatitis A Virus - (causes acute disease)

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15
Q

Sexually transmitted viruses

A 
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2)
(HSV-1 through oral-genital contact)
HPV - Human Papillomaviruses
HIV - also via blood
HBV - also via blood
HCV - also via blood
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16
Q

skin viruses

A

epidermis=localized infection cuz no blood vessels
dermis= systemic
Examples
Papillomaviruses (localized to basal cells)
Rabies virus - bites through skin - virus replicates in neurons ( animals)
Vector borne (mosquitos):
Yellow fever virus
Dengue virus
Zika

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17
Q

eye viruses

A

HSV
Adenoviruses
CMV

(HSV-1 can infect cornea, resulting in blindness,
spread to sensory ganglia - ocular herpes

18
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

localized eye infection

19
Q

neurotropic viruses

A

Herpes Simplex Viruses 1, 2 ( replicate in neurons and other cells as well.)
Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
Poliovirus ( primarily a GI infection but can reach the CNS;
enters and replicates mainly in the alimentary tract
but can enter motor neurons and cause paralysis)
Rabies virus( spreads only via neurons)

20
Q

Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

A

=herpes zoster virus, chickenpox virus

21
Q

not strictly “neurotropic”

A

HIV
CMV

Some viruses cross the blood brain barrier via infected macrophages
They don’t infect neurons, but can cause neurologic problems
Cytomegalovirus can enter the brain in immunocompromised people

22
Q

parinatal- transplacental

A

CMV
Rubella
Zika

Rubella virus - can cause congenital rubella
syndrome - deafness, heart, eye problems

23
Q

parinatal-at the time of birth

A 
HBV
HCV
HSV2
HIV
Papiloma

So give the mother antivirals prior to birth for
HBV, HCV, HSV-2, HIV

24
Q

paranatal- milk

A

HIV

CMV

25
Q

Transplants and Transfusions

A 
HIV
 HBV
 HCV
CMV 
Epstein-Barr Virus EBV
West Nile Virus

Rabies - only one documented occurrence

26
Q

Blood for transfusions is tested for:

A 
HIV-1, HIV-2
HBV
HCV
HTLV-1, HTLV-2
West Nile Virus
27
Q

TORCH, TORCH Syndrome

A 
T – Toxoplasmosis / Toxoplasma gondii
O – Other infections
R – Rubella
C – Cytomegalovirus
H – Herpes simplex virus 2 / neonatal herpes simplex
Other infections includes:
• Syphilis
• Coxsackievirus
• VZV
• Chlamydia
• HIV
• HTLV
• parvovirus B19
• enteroviruses
28
Q

TORCH symptoms

A 
affect newborns
 fever;
 difficulties feeding; 
small
areas of bleeding under the skin, causing the appearance of small reddish or purplish spots; enlargement of the
liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly); 
yellowish discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes (jaundice); hearing impairment; abnormalities of the eyes;
 and/or other symptoms and findings.
29
Q

Typical Progression of Viral Replication

A

barriers to infection
Innate immune response
Adaptive immune response

30
Q

barriers to infection

A

entry to the body
Initial replication at or near site of infection if virus spreads, this causes primary viremia (4-6 days)
(lymph nodes)

31
Q

Innate immune response

A
  1. Replication in target tissue( liver, spleen), inducing signs of disease and
    secondary viremia(day 14)
  2. Spread to other tissues and production of virus that can escape the host
32
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Resolution, or establishment of persistent infection/chronic disease

33
Q

virulence

A

The relative degree to which an organism causes disease

34
Q

genes influencing these and and become target for drugs

A
  • virus replication efficiency:how fast, how many new virions are generated
  • virus effects on cells: death or interference in normal functions
  • immune responses
  • viral spread: how efficiently does the virus infect cells and new hosts
35
Q

Viruses cause disease by

A

-Cytopathic effects on infected tissues
• Inducing Immune responses that cause symptoms.
• Indirect effects that may be less understood (HIV causes generalized immune activation)

Often, symptoms caused by viral infections are not an “intentional” or
direct consequence of infection but rather are often a secondary
outcome of the immune response.

However, some disease symptoms can assist virus spread, such as
excessive mucous generation, external sores, sneezing, coughing,
some behavioral changes.

36
Q

Pathogenesis influenced by the infected individual:

A
  • Age
  • Nutrition
  • Immune health
  • Prior immunity
  • Other underlying pathologies
  • Genetics - e.g. MHC alleles
37
Q

Viral Cytopathogenesis:

Toxic viral components

A

adenovirus fibers, some HIV proteins.
Production of large amounts of viral proteins can disrupt functions of organelles even if the proteins are not “intentionally” toxic.

38
Q

Viral Cytopathogenesis:

Inhibition of cellular macromolecular synthesis

A
  • many viruses do this.
    Herpes simplex viruses inhibit cellular DNA and mRNA synthesis, degrade cell RNA.
    Poliovirus inhibits cellular protein synthesis.
39
Q

Viral Cytopathogenesis:

Syncytia

A
  • Herpes simplex, varicella zoster virus. HIV?
    This is the fusion of cells caused by the virus spikes being expressed on the surface of infected cells coming into contact with the virus receptors on uninfected cells and causing fusion between the cells (instead of fusion between virus and cell).
40
Q

Viral Cytopathogenesis:

Bystander killing

A

HIV envelope glycoprotein binds to CD4 on uninfected cells and
induces them to undergo apoptosis.

41
Q

Viral Cytopathogenesis:

Triggering cell suicide

A
  • cell’s have sensors to detect invading
    nucleic acid of viral genomes - dsRNA, cytoplasmic DNA,
    and then kill themselves via apoptosis or other programmed
    cell death mechanism.

microbio uliana (7 decks)

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