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Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

How do you break the chain of an infectious agent?

A

Diagnosis and treatment

Adhering to abx

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2
Q

How do you break the chain of portal of entry?

A

Hand Hygiene, PPE, Personal Hygiene

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3
Q

How do you break the chain of the susceptible host?

A

Immunizations, patient education, treatment of underlying disease

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4
Q

How to break the reservoir chain?

A

cleaning, disinfection, sterilization

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5
Q

Airborne precautions

A

measles, varicella, TB
Suspended in air
N95 Mask
Negative air pressure room

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6
Q

Droplet Precautions

A

wear surgical mask

influenza

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7
Q

Contact precautions

A

MRSA, C Diff
gown and gloves
private room

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8
Q

When should you ideally give antibiotics?

A

After obtaining blood cultures

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9
Q

Pneumonia S/S

A

crackles in lungs, malaise, edema

high fever, pleuritic chest pain, chills

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10
Q

Diagnostics for Pneumonia

A

Culture and Sensitivity is pathogen-specific
CRP- indicates inflammation
Sedimentation Rate/ESR- measures rate of fall of erythrocytes =inflammation

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11
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Acute infection of lungs

Along with influenza is the 8th leading cause of death in the US

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12
Q

3 Ways Pneumonia is caused

A

Hematogenous spread
Inhalation
Aspiration- caused by decreased cough

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13
Q

Other causes of pneumonia

A

Mucociliary mechanism impaired

Chronic diseases suppress immunity

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14
Q

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

A

non-intubated, begins 48 hours/longer after stay at hospital

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15
Q

Why is it useful to classify pneumonia?

A

The causative agents can be a predictor of guide to treatment

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16
Q

What is the initial tx of pneumonia based on?

A

health hx, exam and chest x-ray

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17
Q

Best prevention for influenza?

A

being vaccinated

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18
Q

S/S of influenza

A

mild fever/chills, cough, sore throat
muscle aches/myalgia,
acute symptoms may subside but cough remains

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19
Q

Influenza

A

highly contagious, incubation period of 1-4 days, peak transmission is 1 day prior to symptoms

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20
Q

Influenza A

A

Most common, affects humans & animals, virulent

H & N antigens

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21
Q

Influenza B

A

Affects humans

Regional epidemics

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22
Q

Influenza C

A

Affects humans

Very mild

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23
Q

Who needs the flu vaccine?

A

Immunosuppressed

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24
Q

Tx for flu

A

antivirals (Tamiflu), OTC pain relievers, increased fluids

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25
Tuberculosis
1/3 of world's population has TB | Prevalence has decreased in the US
26
Etiology of TB
aerophilic- causes affinity for lungs spread via airborne particles can be suspended in air for minutes to hours
27
Active TB
primary TB | reactivation TB
28
Latent TB
cannot be spread | TB lives but doesn't grow
29
TB manifestations
Cough becomes frequent: hemoptysis not common, dyspnea is unusual may present more acutely: high fever, crackles, wheezing immunosuppressed more challenging to diagnose
30
An induration of 5mm/more is positive in who?
HIV infected persons immunosuppressed recent contact with someone who has TB
31
An induration of 15mm/more is positive in who?
persons with no known risk factors for TB
32
Rifampin
treats TB but causes orange colored body fluids
33
Acute care for TB
airborne isolation precautions, single-occupancy room with negative air pressure 6-12 airflow exchanges/hr
34
Immunity
provides protection from disease
35
Normal physiological process of Immunity
1) protects body from invasion 2) removes dead/damaged tissue 3) recognizes & removes cell mutations
36
IgG (Immunoglobulin)
primary Ig in blood
37
Exaggerated Immune Response
bee sting may cause an allergic rx/ systemic anaphylactic rx | autoimmune responses have this characteristic
38
Innate Immunity
neutrophils & monocytes | present at birth
39
Acquired/adaptive immunity
attack "non-self" pathogens development of immunity sometimes makes errors
40
RA
decreased joint space is one symptom chronic, systemic autoimmune disease strong genetic component
41
Etiology of RA
caused by autoimmunity | autoantibodies develop against IgG's
42
S&S in joints
fatigue, anorexia, wt loss, stiffness hands & feet- can be lrg joints stiffness to joints after rest
43
Rheumatoid Factor
positive in 80% of cases
44
Acute care for RA
emotional support observe for: fever pattern, fatigue, joint inflammation record: severity of symptoms, response to therapy
45
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
retrovirus that increases immunosuppression
46
Transmission of HIV
Contact with blood, sexual contact, perinatal transmission if untreated
47
Pathophysiology of HIV
ribonucleic acid virus *Lymphocytes are WBCs that are main defense Normal range of T Cells is 800-1200 cells -immune problems start at <500
48
HIV S&S
Acute infection - highly contagious 2-4 weeks after infection due to high viral load * flu like symptoms that don't resolve
49
HIV more S&S
asymptomatic infection more likely to become AIDS - T Cells <200 - Wasting Syndrome: a loss of 10% body mass
50
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
complex multi-factor disorder - genetic - hormonal - environmental * unpredictable course with alternating periods of remission
51
SLE S/S
``` Skin problems -vascular skin lesions to sun-exposed areas Increased susceptibility to infection cardiopulmonary issues -pericarditis -tachypnea -cough Weight loss ```
52
Tx of SLE
cannot get live vaccines- varicella drug therapy includes steriod-sparing meds AKA Methotrexate Immunosuppressives
53
Dopamine Rash
Discoid rash, Oral ulcers, Photosensitivity, Arthritis, Malar Rash, Immuno Markers, Neuro changes, Elevated ESR Renal, Positive ANA, Serositis, Hematologic
54
Anti-Smith Tests
Highly specific for SLE
55
Inflammation
an immunologic defense
56
Hyperemia
increased blood flow
57
CBC- complete blood count with differential
Includes the WBC percentages of neutrophils, bands, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils
58
Shift to the Left
increased percentage of neutrophils or bands is indicative of an early acute infection; an increase in monocytes is a late-stage acute infection
59
Causes of appendicitis
No known causes; may be due to obstruction of proximal lumen by fecalith which results in restriction of blood flow and creates pain
60
CAUTION for Appendicitis
NO laxatives/enemas, NEVER apply heat to abdomen
61
Complication: Peritonitis S&S
high fever, decreased urine output, rigid boardlike abdomen
62
Cholangiogram
x-ray procedure done with contrast media to visualize bile ducts
63
Who is at risk for developing glomerulonephritis?
those with recent strep, nephrotoxic drug users
64
Manifestations of GN
asymptomatic to abrupt onset: irritability, fever, malaise, microscopic hematuria in nearly all cases, edema may progress
65
Pharm therapies for GN
Oral glucocorticoids to induce remission | Antihypertensive meds
66
Gross Hematuria
Indicated by red-brown urine
67
Indications of GN
increased BUN levels, hypertension & increased urine specific gravity
68
Peptic Ulcer Disease
erosion of GI mucosa | occur in the GI tract from the esophagus to duodenum
69
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
a positive test in people with lupus
70
People with SLE may not receive what kind of vaccines?
may not receive live vaccines due to immunosuppression- Varicella
71
How do you break the portal of exit chain?
Control of aerosols & Splatters Respiratory Etiquette Waste disposal
72
How do you break the mode of transmission chain?
Food safety Isolation Hand hygiene

Med-Surg (5 decks)

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