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Microbio > Infection Control, Sterilization, and Disinfection > Flashcards

Infection Control, Sterilization, and Disinfection Flashcards

1
Q

Most common types of Health Care Associated Infections

A
  1. UTIs
  2. Surgical site infections
  3. Lower respiratory infections
  4. Blood infections
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2
Q

Factors that combine to cause HAIs

A
  1. increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens
  2. failure of healthcare personnel to follow infection control guidelines
  3. increased number of immunocompromised patients
  4. Overcrowding
  5. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents
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3
Q

Nightingale

A
  • Sanitation
  • Breaking chain of transmission
  • Linked fresh air to wellness
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4
Q

Lister

A
  • Development of antiseptic surgery
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5
Q

Holmes

A
  • Direct transmission of infection by healthcare personnel

- Mothers dying after childbirth because med students did not wash their hands

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6
Q

Semmelweis

A
  • Hand hygiene and transmission link

- washing hands after delivery = less chances of puerperal fever

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7
Q

Negative pressure room

A

Protect CLINICIAN from patient (TB, chicken pox)

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8
Q

Positive pressure room

A

Protect PATIENT from outside environment (burn victims, immunosuppressed)

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9
Q

The different between sterilization and disinfection is….

A 
Sterilization = complete destruction of all microbes
Disinfection = destruction of pathogens
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10
Q

Antisepsis

A

Disinfection of LIVING tissue

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11
Q

High level of disinfection kills…

A

Everything except some bacterial spores

Kills TB

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12
Q

Intermediate level of disinfection kills…

A

Everything except fungi and all bacterial spores

Kills Hep B and C, HIV

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13
Q

Low level/Hospital Level of disinfection kills…

A

Most bacteria, some fungi, some viruses

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14
Q

Cleaning refers to…

A

Removal of visible soil

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15
Q

Define lyophilization

A

process that combine drying and freezing

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16
Q

Spaulding Classification

A
  1. Critical - penetrates tissue, touches bone (disposed of or sterilized after)
  2. Semi-critical - touches mucosa or non-intact skin (High level disinfection or sterilization)
  3. Non-critical - touches intact skin (Low level desinfectant)
17
Q

Autoclave uses _____ at a pressure of ___ psi at ___C for ____ minutes

A

Moist heat
15 psi
121.5C
20 minutes

18
Q

Autoclaves destroys…

A

vegetative microorganisms
bacterial endospores
viruses

19
Q

Dry heat uses _____ to kill bacteria; process at ____C or ___ C for ___ or ____ hours respectively

A

Oxidation
180C or 160C
1 or 2 hours

20
Q

T/F: Dry heat usually not used on instruments, but may be used on biological waste

A

T

21
Q

T/F: Radiation can be used to sterilize plastics. Used by manufacturers to pre-sterilize items and also in facilities.

A

First statement is true, second is false

Only used by manufacturers for pre-sterilization

22
Q

What is the mixture of chemicals used in the chemiclave? At what temp and for how long?

A
  • Alcohol, ketone, formaldehyde, and acetone

- 132C for 20-40 mins

23
Q

Disadvantages of the chemiclave

A

Damages plastics

Penetrates paper packaged articles, but not fabric wrapped

24
Q

Advantages of the chemiclave

A

Minimal rusting

Quick

25
Q

Chemicals used in sterilization

A
  1. Ethylene Oxide (ETO) - “cold sterilization”
  2. Hydrogen Peroxide
  3. Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour
  4. Paracetic Acid
26
Q

ETO

A
  • Humidity and heat
  • 10-48 hours in solution to sterilize
  • Can be used on heat-sensitive materials
  • Very toxic
27
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

A
  • Produces destructive free radicals
  • Enhances removal of organic matter
  • Not compatible with metals
28
Q

Hydrogen peroxide vapour

A
  • Byproducts are harmless

- 52 minutes to process

29
Q

Paracetic Acid

A
  • 12 hours for complete sterilization
  • Causes corrosion
  • Very toxic
30
Q

Physical methods of disinfection

A
  1. Pasteurization
    - moist heat at low temps (180C)
    - reduces infectious microorganisms in liquids
    - Does NOT kill spores
  2. Boiling (100C)
    - can kill most micro life forms except bacterial spores and some viruses (Hep C)
31
Q

Name criteria for good disinfectant

A
  1. Broad spectrum action
  2. Retain potency
  3. Harmless to tissue
32
Q

High level disinfectants (GOPH)

A
  1. Gluteraldehyde
    - compatible with most materials
    - chronic exposures = health risks
    - shelf life only 14 days
  2. Ortho phthalaldehyde (OPA)
    - fast
    - compatible with most materials
    - stains skin
    - slow sporadical activity
  3. Parachutic acid (corrosive)
  4. Hydrogen Peroxide
33
Q

Intermediate level disinfectants

A
  1. Iodaphors
    - less irritation for tissue
    - no residual action
  2. Phenols
    - initially used by Lister
    - can cause jaundice
    - not sporicidal
34
Q

Low level disinfectants

A
  1. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
    - May not be effective for Gram - bacteria
    - For patient care supplies or equipment
35
Q

What level of disinfectant is alcohol considered to be?

A
  • Not considered a disinfectant

- Does not inactivate bacterial spores or hydrophilic viruses

36
Q

Dental water lines should be drained for _____ after each patient

A

15 secs

37
Q

It takes ____ for rubbing alcohol to disinfect hands

A

25 secs

38
Q

What level of disinfectant is used in clinic?

A

intermediate

Microbio (6 decks)

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