infection control, safety, first aid and personal wellness

Question 1

it is a condition that results when a microorganism is able to invade the body, multiply and cause injury or disease

Answer 1

infection

Question 2

define infection and pathogen

Answer 2

infection:
colonization by a pathogen and establishing residence inside the body

pathogen:
a microbial element that causes disease
microbes that are pathogenic (causing or productive of disease r called pathogen)

Question 3

development of pathological manifestations from infectious agents (pathogens) that can be transmitted from one person to another

Answer 3

communicable disease
(aka infectious disease)
communicable - able too spread from person to person

Question 4

define nosocomial/ health care associated infection

Answer 4

patient infection acquired from the hospitals. caused by the infected personnel, patients, visitors, drugs, food or equipment

Question 5

chain of infection cycle

Answer 5

1. infectious agent
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. mode of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. susceptible host: (sensitive host) the susceptible host may not get be infected but he is carrying the pathogen. hence, the chain wont break

Question 6

briefly explain the Infection Control Method in infection control programs

Answer 6

PIINHD
wearing of ppe
immunization against common pathogen insect and pest control
isolation and decontamination procedures use of safety devices (fire extinguishers)
good nutrition
effective hand hygiene procedures
proper disposal of sharp objects/ waste materials

Question 6

types of hazards

Answer 6

biological
sharp
chemical
radioactive
electrical
fire/ explosive
physical

Question 6

it involves implementing procedures and policies that prevent infection

Answer 6

infection control

Question 6

it starts with an understanding of the process of infection

Answer 6

infection control

Question 7

microorganisms are present everywhere

Answer 7

Ubiquitous

Question 8

infection according to CDC

Answer 8

while all disease caused by pathogens start with an infection, not all infections will lead to disease.

Question 9

they are present everywhere and multiply in our bodies

Answer 9

microorganisms

Question 10

briefly explain the sign of infection

Answer 10

1st: fever
it is the first signal of body defense
acts a signal that u aren’t well
2nd: redness
3rd: swelling
4th: pain
* not all are present.

Question 11

infection vs disease (example)

Answer 11

disease is a RESULT from an infection and may damage your normal body functions

signs and symptoms become progressive when it is becoming to a disease

infection is first to occur prior to a disease

*not all infection will lead to a disease

(couldnt hear properly - diagnosed as ear infection
however, if it’s worsen, it can be tinnitus)

Question 12

contagious vs communicable (example)

Answer 12

contagious is more easily spread than communicable

(in a theater, you are sitting on the first row, healthy, behind you, a man has influenza, another person has gonorrhea.
communicable: gonorrhea and influenza is communicable
contagious: influenza (hence it’s more easily spread)
conclusions both are communicable but one is more contagious)

Question 13

what is the most commonly reported HAI (healthcare-associated infection) pathogen

Answer 13

clostridium difficile

Question 14

it is the nation’s most widely used HAI tracking system

Answer 14

CDC national healthcare safety network (NHSN)

Question 15

most common type of HAI reported to NHSN

Answer 15

urinary tract infection

Question 16

Federal advisory committee appointed to provide advice and guidance to cdc about the practice of infection-control and strategies for surveillance, prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance and related events in the US healthcare settings

Answer 16

healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC)

Question 17

what are the 3 HAI well known pathogens in antimicrobial resistance

Answer 17

Clostridium difficile
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (staph) aureus (MRSA)
Enterococcus (VRE = 30%)

*Antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to survive the drugs designed to kill them, making infections harder to treat.

Question 18

Issued the final rule for the occupational exposure to BBP standard precautions to protect laboratory workers and other healthcare professionals.

Answer 18

Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA)
became effective on march 6 1992
all the standards and regulations regarding the prevention of acquiring the prevention of BBP

Question 19

is a set of guidelines introduced in 1985 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) in healthcare settings

Answer 19

universal precautions

Question 20

briefly explain the universal precautions

Answer 20

blood and certain body fluids of all individuals were considered potentially infectious

Question 21

Standard set of guidelines to prevent the transmission of BBP from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials.

Answer 21

universal precautions

Question 22

Reduced transmission of infectious material from any moist body substance regardless of presumed infection status.

Answer 22

body substance isolation *requiring that gloves be worn when in contact with any moist body substances.

Question 23

The updated recommendations (1996) from the CDC which combine principles of body substance isolation and universal precautions.

Answer 23

standard precautions

Question 24

give some examples that the standard precautions wil apply to the following potentially infectious materials

Answer 24

Blood Semen Vaginal secretion Cerebrospinal fluid Synovial fluid Urine Pleural fluid Any body fluid with visible blood Any unidentified body fluid Unfixed slides clay Saliva from dental procedures Microhematocrit

Question 25

an effective way to prevent infection

Answer 25

hand hygiene

Question 26

briefly explain the 2 methods of hand hygiene

Answer 26

routine handwashing hand antisepsis (alcohol, hand sanitizer)

Question 27

what are the situations that require hand hygiene

Answer 27

whenever there is visible contamination with blood or body fluids After completion of work (ex: blood collection) After gloves are removed and between glove changes Before leaving the laboratory Before and after eating and drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, changing contact lenses and using the lavatory Before and after all other activities that entail hand contact with mucous membranes, eyes, etc

Question 28

when to use alcohol or soap and water

Answer 28

alcohol: if have no visible dirt soap and water: if your hands are visibly dirty

Question 29

Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are effective against many germs, but they can't kill

Answer 29

Clostridioides difficile C. diff spores are remarkably resilient - they're not easily killed by typical disinfectants. however, thorough handwashing with soap and water is more effective than using alcohol-based sanitizers

Question 30

ppe

Answer 30

* Head cap * Safety goggles * Face mask * Laboratory gown/coat * Gloves * Long pants * Closed toe shoes

Question 31

biological hazards

Answer 31

bacteria virus fungi parasites

Question 32

physical hazards

Answer 32

Source: wet floors, heavy boxed, patients Possible injury: falls, sprains, strains

Question 33

sharps hazards

Answer 33

Sources: needles, lancets, broken glass Possible injury: cuts, puncture, BBP exposure

Question 34

chemical hazards

Answer 34

Sources: preservatives, reagents Possible injury: exposure to toxic, carcinogenic or caustic agents Material Safety Data Sheet NFPA labelling System

Question 35

electrical and fire hazard

Answer 35

Sources: ungrounded, wet equipment and frayed cords, bunsen burners, organic chemicals Possible injury: burns or shock; dismemberment

Question 36

how to use a fire extinguisher and in case of fire

Answer 36

How to use a fire extinguisher (PASS) Pull the pin Aim at the base of the fire Squeeze the lever Sweep side to side In case of fire (RACE) Rescue Alarm Contain Extinguish

Question 37

briefly explain the 2 types of disinfection

Answer 37

Household bleach: an appropriate disinfectant solution used in a 1: 10 volume b volume dilution (10%), which can be made by adding 10ml of bleach to 90ml of water r or 2 cups of bleach to 1 gallon of water to achieve the recommended concentration of 5500 ppm Others: phenol-based disinfectant such as amphyl, tb uberculodial disinfectants and 70% ethanol

Question 38

disinfect vs sanitize

Answer 38

disinfect - for objects sanitize - hands

Question 39

personal wellness: briefly explain holistic well being in greek

Answer 39

holisic - holos - to heal

Question 40

ways to manage stress

Answer 40

identify probs n talk abt it learn to relax exercise regularly avoid making to many changes all at once avoid procrastination use 15 min to plan remaining time set realistic goals

Question 41

examples of ways to break the chain of infection - healthcare worker - healthcare institutions

Answer 41

- healthcare worker PIINHD - healthcare institutions infection control program infection control practices isolation procedures insect and rodent control

Question 42

HICPAC strong recommendations for hand hygiene in healthcare settings

Answer 42

before touching a patient before performing aseptic task/ handle invasive medical equipment after glove removal after touching patient or immediate patient's immediate environment after contact w blood, body fluids, contaminated surfaces

Question 43

general laboratory safety rules

Answer 43

never eat, drink, smoke, chew gums never put pencils, pens in your mouth never put beverages in red used for specimens do not apply cosmetics, contact lense, rub eye dont wear big and dangling accessories never wear ppe outside the lab room - wear it fully buttoned tie hair, keep nails trimmed wear face shield

Question 44

safety rules in patient rooms and other patient areas

Answer 44

avoid running - alarm patients and visitors, may cause accidents be careful entering and leaving patient rooms do not touch electrical equipment in patient room while drawing blood follow standard precautions when handling specimens properly dispose of used and contaminated specimen collection replace bedrails report infiltrated IVs to nurses report unresponsive nurses to nurses report unusual odors to nurses watch out and report spills on the floor5

Question 45

donning and doffing off process

Answer 45

donning gown > mask/ respirator > goggles/ face shield > gloves doffing gloves >

Question 46

what happens if your hands become contaminated after gloves are removed

Answer 46

you must sanitize them immediately before continuing to the next step