infection control, safety, first aid and personal wellness Flashcards
it is a condition that results when a microorganism is able to invade the body, multiply and cause injury or disease
infection
define infection and pathogen
infection:
colonization by a pathogen and establishing residence inside the body
pathogen:
a microbial element that causes disease
microbes that are pathogenic (causing or productive of disease r called pathogen)
development of pathological manifestations from infectious agents (pathogens) that can be transmitted from one person to another
communicable disease
(aka infectious disease)
communicable - able too spread from person to person
define nosocomial/ health care associated infection
patient infection acquired from the hospitals. caused by the infected personnel, patients, visitors, drugs, food or equipment
chain of infection cycle
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host: (sensitive host) the susceptible host may not get be infected but he is carrying the pathogen. hence, the chain wont break
briefly explain the Infection Control Method in infection control programs
PIINHD
wearing of ppe
immunization against common pathogen insect and pest control
isolation and decontamination procedures use of safety devices (fire extinguishers)
good nutrition
effective hand hygiene procedures
proper disposal of sharp objects/ waste materials
types of hazards
biological
sharp
chemical
radioactive
electrical
fire/ explosive
physical
it involves implementing procedures and policies that prevent infection
infection control
it starts with an understanding of the process of infection
infection control
microorganisms are present everywhere
Ubiquitous
infection according to CDC
while all disease caused by pathogens start with an infection, not all infections will lead to disease.
they are present everywhere and multiply in our bodies
microorganisms
briefly explain the sign of infection
1st: fever
it is the first signal of body defense
acts a signal that u aren’t well
2nd: redness
3rd: swelling
4th: pain
* not all are present.
infection vs disease (example)
disease is a RESULT from an infection and may damage your normal body functions
signs and symptoms become progressive when it is becoming to a disease
infection is first to occur prior to a disease
*not all infection will lead to a disease
(couldnt hear properly - diagnosed as ear infection
however, if it’s worsen, it can be tinnitus)
contagious vs communicable (example)
contagious is more easily spread than communicable
(in a theater, you are sitting on the first row, healthy, behind you, a man has influenza, another person has gonorrhea.
communicable: gonorrhea and influenza is communicable
contagious: influenza (hence it’s more easily spread)
conclusions both are communicable but one is more contagious)
what is the most commonly reported HAI (healthcare-associated infection) pathogen
clostridium difficile
it is the nation’s most widely used HAI tracking system
CDC national healthcare safety network (NHSN)
most common type of HAI reported to NHSN
urinary tract infection
Federal advisory committee appointed to provide advice and guidance to cdc about the practice of infection-control and strategies for surveillance, prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance and related events in the US healthcare settings
healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC)
what are the 3 HAI well known pathogens in antimicrobial resistance
Clostridium difficile
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (staph) aureus (MRSA)
Enterococcus (VRE = 30%)
*Antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to survive the drugs designed to kill them, making infections harder to treat.
Issued the final rule for the occupational exposure to BBP standard precautions to protect laboratory workers and other healthcare professionals.
Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA)
became effective on march 6 1992
all the standards and regulations regarding the prevention of acquiring the prevention of BBP
is a set of guidelines introduced in 1985 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) in healthcare settings
universal precautions
briefly explain the universal precautions
blood and certain body fluids of all individuals were considered potentially infectious
Standard set of guidelines to prevent the transmission of BBP from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials.
universal precautions
Reduced transmission of infectious material from any moist body substance regardless of presumed infection status.
body substance isolation
*requiring that gloves be worn when in contact with any moist body substances.
The updated recommendations (1996) from the CDC which combine principles of body substance isolation and universal precautions.
standard precautions
give some examples that the standard precautions wil apply to the following potentially infectious materials
Blood
Semen
Vaginal secretion
Cerebrospinal fluid
Synovial fluid
Urine
Pleural fluid
Any body fluid with visible blood
Any unidentified body fluid
Unfixed slides clay
Saliva from dental procedures
Microhematocrit
an effective way to prevent infection
hand hygiene
briefly explain the 2 methods of hand hygiene
routine handwashing
hand antisepsis (alcohol, hand sanitizer)
what are the situations that require hand hygiene
whenever there is visible contamination with blood or body fluids
After completion of work (ex: blood collection)
After gloves are removed and between glove changes
Before leaving the laboratory
Before and after eating and drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, changing contact lenses and using the lavatory
Before and after all other activities that entail hand contact with mucous membranes, eyes, etc
when to use alcohol or soap and water
alcohol: if have no visible dirt
soap and water: if your hands are visibly dirty
Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are effective against many germs, but they can’t kill
Clostridioides difficile
C. diff spores are remarkably resilient - they’re not easily killed by typical disinfectants. however, thorough handwashing with soap and water is more effective than using alcohol-based sanitizers
ppe
- Head cap
- Safety goggles
- Face mask
- Laboratory gown/coat
- Gloves
- Long pants
- Closed toe shoes
biological hazards
bacteria
virus
fungi
parasites
physical hazards
Source: wet floors, heavy boxed, patients
Possible injury: falls, sprains, strains
sharps hazards
Sources: needles, lancets, broken glass
Possible injury: cuts, puncture, BBP exposure
chemical hazards
Sources: preservatives, reagents
Possible injury: exposure to toxic, carcinogenic or caustic agents
Material Safety Data Sheet
NFPA labelling System
electrical and fire hazard
Sources: ungrounded, wet equipment and frayed cords, bunsen burners, organic chemicals
Possible injury: burns or shock; dismemberment
how to use a fire extinguisher and in case of fire
How to use a fire extinguisher (PASS)
Pull the pin
Aim at the base of the fire
Squeeze the lever
Sweep side to side
In case of fire (RACE)
Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish
briefly explain the 2 types of disinfection
Household bleach: an appropriate disinfectant solution used in a 1: 10 volume b volume dilution (10%), which can be made by adding 10ml of bleach to 90ml of water r or 2 cups of bleach to 1 gallon of water to achieve the recommended concentration of 5500 ppm
Others: phenol-based disinfectant such as amphyl, tb uberculodial disinfectants and 70% ethanol
disinfect vs sanitize
disinfect - for objects
sanitize - hands
personal wellness: briefly explain holistic well being in greek
holisic - holos - to heal
ways to manage stress
identify probs n talk abt it
learn to relax
exercise regularly
avoid making to many changes all at once
avoid procrastination
use 15 min to plan remaining time
set realistic goals
examples of ways to break the chain of infection
- healthcare worker
- healthcare institutions
- healthcare worker
PIINHD - healthcare institutions
infection control program
infection control practices
isolation procedures
insect and rodent control
HICPAC strong recommendations for hand hygiene in healthcare settings
before touching a patient
before performing aseptic task/ handle invasive medical equipment
after glove removal
after touching patient or immediate patient’s immediate environment
after contact w blood, body fluids, contaminated surfaces
general laboratory safety rules
never eat, drink, smoke, chew gums
never put pencils, pens in your mouth
never put beverages in red used for specimens
do not apply cosmetics, contact lense, rub eye
dont wear big and dangling accessories
never wear ppe outside the lab room - wear it fully buttoned
tie hair, keep nails trimmed
wear face shield
safety rules in patient rooms and other patient areas
avoid running - alarm patients and visitors, may cause accidents
be careful entering and leaving patient rooms
do not touch electrical equipment in patient room while drawing blood
follow standard precautions when handling specimens
properly dispose of used and contaminated specimen collection
replace bedrails
report infiltrated IVs to nurses
report unresponsive nurses to nurses
report unusual odors to nurses
watch out and report spills on the floor5
donning and doffing off process
donning
gown > mask/ respirator > goggles/ face shield > gloves
doffing
gloves >
what happens if your hands become contaminated after gloves are removed
you must sanitize them immediately before continuing to the next step
