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2024 SEM 1 PMLS 2 (LAB) > donor phlebotomy > Flashcards

donor phlebotomy Flashcards

1
Q

The process of collection, testing, preparation and storage of blood from donors who are usually volunteers.

A

blood donation

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2
Q

it is when blood is donated from one individual to another of the same species but not the same individual (e.g., human to human).

A

directed donation (also called allogeneic donation
*allowed every 120 days

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3
Q

purpose of directed donation

A

used for specific patients, especially when matching blood types are needed (e.g., rare blood types like O Rh null or Rh-negative)

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4
Q

it is when an individual donates their own blood for future use, particularly before surgery.

A

autologous donation

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5
Q

it is a medical procedure used to recover blood lost during surgery. The blood is collected, cleaned in a machine, tested for residual free hemoglobin, and then transfused back to the patient.

A

cell salvaging

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6
Q

Why is testing for free hemoglobin important in cell salvaging?

A

ensures kidney safety, as the kidneys filter the blood, and free hemoglobin can damage them.

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7
Q

What are the eligibility requirements for autologous blood donation?

A

Physician’s written order is required.
Hemoglobin level ≥11 g/dL (Hct ≥33%).
Donation must occur at least 72 hours to several weeks before surgery.

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8
Q

What are the advantages of autologous blood donation?

A

No risk of transfusion-related infections.
No risk of alloimmunization (reaction to foreign cells).
Can be stored for up to 10 years for specific purposes.

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9
Q

it is a procedure that uses an apheresis machine to collect specific blood components

A

pheresis (apheresis)

  • specific blood components such as platelets, plasma, RBCs, or WBCs.
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10
Q

it uses centrifugal force to separate blood components based on density, with unneeded components returned to the donor.

A

apheresis machine

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11
Q

What are the advantages of apheresis?

A

Allows for more frequent donations than whole blood donation.
Reduces the risk of transfusional overload.

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12
Q

they provide blood products for transfusion purposes and ensure that blood is collected, processed, and distributed safely.

A

blood donor centers?

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13
Q

Which organizations regulate blood donor centers in the U.S.?

A

FDA (Food and Drug Administration): Regulates centers and ensures safety.
DOH (Department of Health): Provides monitoring and oversight.

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14
Q

What is the AABB, and what is its role in blood banking?

A

AABB (Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies) is an international organization that:

  • Develops standards for blood banking and biotherapies.
  • Provides education programs and accreditation to enhance donor/patient care and safety.
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15
Q

What is the goal of the AABB?

A

enhance safety and care for both donors and patients in the field of blood banking and biotherapies.

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16
Q

What are the goals of performing blood donor phlebotomy?

A

Ensure safety of blood donors.
Monitor blood donor for adverse effects during and after donation.
Minimize and prevent contamination in the donated blood.
Ensure donor eligibility.
Collect blood for therapeutic purposes, transfusion, and biotherapy.

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17
Q

What gauge needles are commonly used for blood donor phlebotomy, and why?

A

16 to 18 gauge needles
- optimal blood flow and minimal hemolysis, though they are more expensive.

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18
Q

What is included in donor screening?

A

health, lifestyle, and history of disease to determine eligibility.

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19
Q

What information is gathered during donor registration?

A

Full name
Age
Date
Venue
Basic health questions
Medical history (all treated confidentially).

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20
Q

What types of questions are asked during medical history screening?

A

The medical history includes intense questions to ensure the donor’s eligibility and health.

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21
Q

How is the donor interview conducted?

A

verbal questions to confirm the donor’s health and eligibility, with verbal answers obtained from the donor.

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22
Q

What is included in the physical examination of a donor?

A

Pulse rate
Weight
Blood pressure
Blood type and Rh determination (positive or negative)
ABO determination
Physical skin lesions.

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23
Q

What is the typical volume collected during blood donation, and how long does the procedure take?

A

The volume collected is 450 ml (±10%, so between 405–495 ml).
The donation duration is about 10–15 minutes.

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24
Q

What should staff do during the blood donation process?

A

Staff must stay with the donor during the procedure to monitor for adverse events and ensure safety.

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25
Q

What is involved in donor care post-phlebotomy?

A

Inspection of the site
Post-care instructions, such as staying hydrated.

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26
Q

amt of blood to be drawn:
amt of anticoagulant needed:
amt of anticoagulant to remove:

A

index card

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27
Q

What are the general health requirements for blood donation?

A

must feel well and be in good general health to be eligible for donation.

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28
Q

What is the age requirement for blood donation in most places?

A

17 years old or older (depending on the state/country).
16 years old can donate with written parental consent.

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29
Q

What are the age eligibility rules for blood donation for individuals 66–76 years old?

A

For individuals 66–76 years old, donation is allowed based on the discretion of blood center physicians.

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30
Q

What is required for individuals above 76 years old who wish to donate blood?

A

Individuals above 76 years old need written approval from their physician to donate blood.

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31
Q

In the Philippines, what is the age requirement for blood donation with written consent?

A

16–17-year-olds can donate with written parental consent.

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32
Q

How does being a regular donor impact eligibility?

A

Regular donors generally have a higher chance of being eligible for blood donation.

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33
Q

what are the approved anticoagulant preservative solution

A

ppt

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34
Q

what are the
- minimum hemoglobin requirement for blood donation?
- blood pressure limits for blood donation?
- normal pulse rate for blood donation?

A
  • must meet minimum hemoglobin levels to ensure they are not anemic.
  • Systolic: ≤ 180 mmHg
    Diastolic: ≤ 100 mmHg.
  • normal pulse rate is 50–100 beats per minute (bpm).
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35
Q

Can athletic individuals have a different pulse rate for blood donation?

A

Yes, athletic individuals may have a pulse rate below 50 bpm.

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36
Q

What should be checked on the skin before blood donation?

A

no visible skin lesions or infections at the donation site.

37
Q

What happens to the eosinophil count if the donor has allergic reactions?

A

If the donor has allergic reactions, the eosinophil count increases.

38
Q

What happens to the neutrophil count if the donor has a bacterial infection?

A

donor has a bacterial infection, the neutrophil count increases.

39
Q

chemicals in anticoagulant solutions

A

ppt

40
Q

principles of donor unit collection

A

ppt

41
Q

What is the purpose of anticoagulant solutions in blood collection?

A

Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting and preserve blood for storage and transfusion.

42
Q

How much anticoagulant preservative solution is used in blood collection?

A

63 ml of anticoagulant preservative solution is used.

43
Q

What is the expiration date for blood collected with anticoagulant preservative solutions?

A

Blood collected with anticoagulant solutions has a 21-day expiration.

44
Q

What is the first choice for vein selection during blood collection?

A

median cubital vein is the first choice because it is the easiest to access and least prone to complications.

*basilic or cephalic veins should only be used if necessary, as they are less ideal.

45
Q

How is blood collected into the blood bag?

A

Blood flows into the blood bag by gravity, not by applying pressure.

46
Q

How is blood mixed with the anticoagulant solution during collection?

A

A mechanical mixer or manual mixing is used to ensure the anticoagulant is evenly distributed.

Manual mixing is done every 30 seconds during collection.

47
Q

What health monitoring tools are required for blood donation venipuncture?

A

Blood pressure monitor
Thermometer
Automated hemoglobin analyzer or copper sulfate solution (to check hemoglobin levels)
Pulse oximeter

48
Q

How do you check hemoglobin levels in blood donation?

A

Use an automated hemoglobin analyzer or copper sulfate solution. If the copper sulfate solution takes more than 3 seconds to sink, the hemoglobin level is too low.

49
Q

What weighing and storage equipment is needed for blood donation?

A

Bathroom weighing scale
Blood bag
Transport box
Blood bank refrigerator

50
Q

What additional equipment is needed for blood donation?

A

Blood sealer
Automated blood mixer
Blood bank chair

51
Q

What are the requirements for blood donation equipment?

A

Equipment must be available, calibrated, and ready to use.
Equipment must be maintained and clean.

52
Q

How should furniture in the blood donation area be maintained?

A

furniture, like vinyl surfaces, must be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite.

53
Q

What is the first step in the venipuncture procedure for blood donation?

A

Identify the donor and label the collection bag and pre-labeling.

54
Q

How should the tourniquet be applied for blood donation?

A

Inflate the tourniquet to 40–60 mmHg to make the veins more prominent.

55
Q

What should the donor do to help make the vein more prominent?

A

Open and close their fist.

56
Q

What is the method for disinfecting the donor’s skin before blood donation?

A

Use isopropyl alcohol in a circular motion, starting from the inner area and moving outward.

57
Q

How long should you allow alcohol contact during the two-step disinfection process?

A

Each step should last for 30 seconds of alcohol contact, followed by 30 seconds of air drying.

58
Q

What is the duration of the disinfection procedure using alcohol and chlorhexidine?

A

1-step procedure: Takes 1 minute.
2-step procedure: Takes 2 minutes.

59
Q

What materials are used for skin disinfection before blood donation?

A

2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol
70% isopropyl alcohol and tincture of iodine or chlorhexidine gluconate.

60
Q

How should the venipuncture be performed?

A

Insert the needle with the bevel up and perform the venipuncture. Release the tourniquet once sufficient blood is collected.

61
Q

How often should the donor be instructed to open and close their fist during blood donation?

A

Every 10–15 seconds to facilitate blood flow.

62
Q

How often should the blood collection bag be mixed during the donation?

A

The bag should be mixed every 30 seconds.

63
Q

What should be done after removing the needle from the donor?

A

Apply gauge with pressure, extend the arm, and raise it. Warn the donor not to bend their arm.

64
Q

what happens if the donor faints

A

Remove the tourniquet and withdraw the needle.
Place a cold compress on the donor’s forehead.
Raise the donor’s legs above the level of the head.
Loosen tight clothing and secure the airway.
Monitor vital signs.

65
Q

How should a donor experiencing nausea or vomiting be treated?

A

Instruct the donor to breathe slowly.
Apply cold compresses to the forehead.
Turn the donor’s head to one side and provide an appropriate receptacle.
After vomiting ceases, the donor may be given water.

66
Q

What should be done if a donor shows decreased pulse rate and hyperventilation during blood donation?

A

Check vital signs frequently.
Administer 95% O2 and 5% CO2.

  • exhibit a fall in systolic pressure to 60mmHg
67
Q

What are the steps to take if a donor has a severe reaction during blood donation?

A

Call for help immediately and notify the blood bank physician.
Try to restrain the donor to prevent injury to self or others.
Ensure an adequate airway.

68
Q

What are the evacuated tubes used for in donor blood testing?

A

Lavender/Pink Top Tubes:
Used for malaria screening.

Red/Gold Top Tubes:
Used for screening Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs), including HIV, Hepatitis B (HBsAg and Anti-HBc), Syphilis, and Malaria (Philippine-specific ELISA method).

69
Q

What is the procedure for post-collection handling of blood samples?

A

Invert tubes immediately to ensure proper mixing of anticoagulants or to activate clotting as applicable.

70
Q

What are the storage and container requirements for donor units?

A

Donor units must be placed in properly closed, leak-proof storage containers.

Complete and accurate documentation must be maintained, including:
Donor ID
Date and time of collection
Destination details

71
Q

What is the temperature monitoring procedure for blood units during transport?

A

The temperature of the blood unit must be monitored and documented every 2 hours to ensure proper storage conditions.

72
Q

it involves tracing and testing blood donors and recipients when a blood product is identified as potentially contaminated with a bloodborne pathogen (BBP).

A

Lookback Program
- It involves tracing and testing blood donors and recipients.
- The program ensures the safety of the blood supply and mitigates risks of transmission of infectious diseases.

73
Q

What are the five components that can be derived from a single blood unit?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Plasma
Platelets (PLTs)
Granulocytes
Coagulation Factors

74
Q

All components of a blood unit must be fully traceable back to the donor for safety and accountability.

A

Traceability

75
Q

What triggers the Lookback Process for blood products?

A

The Lookback Process is triggered when a blood product is flagged as potentially contaminated (e.g., positive for bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, etc.).

It involves testing the donor for BBPs and tracing recipients who received components from the flagged blood unit.

76
Q

What is the role of RITM (Research Institute for Tropical Medicine) in the Lookback Process in the Philippines?

A

RITM conducts confirmatory tests for Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs).
It plays a critical role in national blood safety by ensuring that blood products are free from infections.

77
Q

it outlines the specific guidelines for conducting the Lookback Program in the Philippines, ensuring the safety of blood products and recipients.

A

POBB 2024, 1198

78
Q

What are the strict identification and labeling procedures for blood specimens?

A

Use the patient’s full name and a unique identifier (e.g., hospital ID or birthdate).
Do not use the patient room number as an identifier.
Ensure that specimens are not accepted if labeling errors are present.

*by the Joint Commission’s top National Patient Safety Goal

79
Q

What is required when specimens are collected by non-laboratory personnel?

A

Full name or initials of the physician or nurse collecting the specimen must be included.
Witness collection is required, especially for procedures like IV catheter draws.

80
Q

Why is accurate labeling important for blood specimens?

A

Errors in labeling can cause significant delays in treatment.
Mislabeling can result in fatalities due to the administration of incompatible blood products.

81
Q

What can happen if specimens have labeling errors?

A

Delays in treatment.
Fatalities due to incompatible blood products being administered.

82
Q

Handwritten, self-carbon labels are attached to the special blood bank bracelets to identify the patient.

A

Blood Bank ID Bands (HBBIDs)
- for patient-specific tracking.

*BBID bands needs to remain on the patient for as long as it is valid, usually 3 days

83
Q

it ensures positive identification safeguards for administering blood products.

A

The Electronics BBID System
- assists clinicians in confirming they are treating the correct patient

84
Q

What are the verification steps for blood product administration?

A

The healthcare provider scans a personal identification card with a barcode for authentication.
The patient’s identification is scanned from the barcode on their wristband.
The unique barcoded donor identifier on the blood product is scanned for matching.

85
Q

How do nurses or healthcare providers ensure blood product compatibility?

A

Cross-check the following:
Patient details
Blood product information
Donor identifiers

86
Q

What is the purpose of
Pink-Top EDTA Tubes in blood testing?
Red-Top Non-Additive Glass Tubes in blood specimen collection?

A

Pink-Top EDTA Tubes are used for blood typing and crossmatching.
They contain EDTA as an anticoagulant to preserve sample integrity.

Red-Top Non-Additive Glass Tubes cannot contain a clot activator because it could interfere with the complement system and protein analysis.

87
Q

Why might blood specimens be rejected for testing?

A

Labeling Issues: Specimens must be labeled exactly as described in the lab protocol.

Hemolysis or Contamination: Grossly hemolyzed samples are rejected due to compromised accuracy.

IV Fluid Contamination: Specimens from the arm with an IV or below the IV site are not acceptable.

Time Limit: Specimens collected more than 72 hours before testing may be rejected.

88
Q

What does the Type and Screen test in blood banks assess?

A

Type and Screen is the most common test conducted in blood banks to assess compatibility before transfusion.

It involves:
- Blood Typing (ABO and Rh) to determine the patient’s blood group and Rh factor.
- Antibody Screening to detect unexpected antibodies that may interfere with a transfusion.

89
Q

it is done to ensure the selected donor unit is compatible with the recipient’s blood type.

A

crossmatch
- the procedure uses the Type and Screen results (ABO, Rh, and antibody screen) to select a safe donor unit.

2024 SEM 1 PMLS 2 (LAB) (10 decks)

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