circulatory system Flashcards
Systems of blood vessels
Vascular system
It is a system that allows blood to be circulated from the heart to all parts of the body. What are the 2 divisions
It consists of
Vascular system
- pulmonary circulation
- systematic circulation
It consists of arteries, capillaries and veins
Explain the flow of pulmonary and systematic circulation
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Tube-like structures that are interconnected that allows the circulation of blood
blood vessels
what type of muscles are blood vessels
Smooth muscles
briefly explain the blood vessels
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when performing a capillary puncture, why do we have to wipe the first drop of blood
because it may contain tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
ensure that the subsequent blood drops are pure blood, without being contaminated by tissue fluid
why do the pressure changes in the
abdominal & thoracic cavities of the veins
Decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Increases pressure in the abdominal cavity.
When you inhale, it pushes blood toward the heart by reducing thoracic pressure and increasing abdominal pressure, helping to move blood through the veins more efficiently
structure of blood vessels
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layers of blood vessels
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functions of blood
★ Transport s oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and tissues.
★ Transports hormones to the target area.
★ Eliminates waste asturias from the body’s cells.
★ Maintains water balance for the body’s cells and tissues.
★ Transports antibodies and protective substances throughout the body.
★ Assist in regulating body temperature.
★ Help maintain acid base balance.
blood is _____ times thicker than water
5 times
composition of blood
formed elements (45%)
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes
liquid portion (55%)
water mostly
straw colored
description of plasma/ serum
clear to slightly haze pale yellow
plasma and serum look alike = hard to differentiate
difference btwn the 2: plasma contains fibrinogen but serum does not
composition of plasms/ serum
WWOMP Has Nutrients & Gases
Water - 90 to 95%
Waste -
urea
uric acid
xathine, products of chemical reaction
Others
Minerals - Na Mg K Cl Ca
Protein -
fibrinogen - aids in blood clotting
globulin - fight forein invaders (antibodies)
albumin - most abundant, assist in regulating BP
Hormones - assist in chemical and help body maintain constant balance
Nutrients - lipids (triglyceride) n carbs (glucose)
Gases - O2 CO2 N
what are the structure and content of erythrocytes
most numerous - 4 to 5 M/cumm
biconcave
- 7-8 um (diameter)
- 2 um (thick)
flexible
hemoglobin (95%) - reason of the red pigment
anucleate
what are the function of erythrocytes
gas exchange
- internal respiration: O2 (lungs to cells)
- external respiration: CO2 (cell to lungs)
“erythro” -
“poeisis” -
“erythro” - red blood
“poeisis” - production
where does the rbc produced in adults
bone marrow
a hormone produced in the kidney that sends signals to the bone marrow to produce more rbc to release in the circulation
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoiesis - process of making red blood cells
it is a precursor before becoming a mature rbc
reticulocytes
*has RNA fragments in the cells = immature
what is the lifespan of rbc? what happens after lifespan?
120 days
after 120 days - removed in the liver, spleen or bone
physiology:
lack of rbc -
increase production of rbc -
lack of rbc - anemia
increase production of rbc - polycythemia
structure and content of leukocytes
5000 - 10,00 WBCs/cumm
nucleated
granules
*uses wright stains
physiology:
lack of wbc -
increase production of wbc -
lack of wbc - leukopenia (less than 5000)
increase production of wbc - leukocytosis (more than 10,000)
functions of leukocytes
destroy foreign substances and remove cellular debris
extravascular function: diapedsis - pass through capillaries thin walls of endothelial cells to move to tissue
phagocytosis: engulf foreign substances
produce antibodies: B-lymphocytes
breifly explain WBC starting from the most numerous
[never let monkey eat bananas]
NEUTROPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
EAOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
*index card
structure and content of thrombocyte
smallest
150,000 - 400,000 plts/cumm
not true cell - fragmments of megakaryocytes’ cytoplasm
coagulation: prevents blood los, platelet plug
what is the largest wbc
monocytes
granulocytes wbc -
agranulocytes wbc -
granulocytes wbc - N E B
agranulocytes wbc - L M
decrease production of neutrophils -
increase production of neutrophils -
decrease production of neutrophils - neutropenia
increase production of neutrophils - neutrophilia
what are common tests performed in whole blood
cbc - hematological test
HbA1c - chem test
whole blood as a specimen
not separated or clotted
place in a tube w anticoagulant
if left undisturbed, formed elements will settle at the bottom (hence need to mix for 2 min before performing the test)
plasma as a specimen
not clotted but separated through centrifugation
placed in a tube with an anticoagulant & centrifuged
with fibrinogen and clotting factors
test performed in plasma
plasma chemistry test (ammmonia, potassium)
STAT chemistry
test performed in serum
most of chem and immunology test
serum as a specimen
shld be clotted (30-60min) & separated through centrifugation
place a plain tube with clot activator and centrifuged
w/o fibrinogen & clotting factors
Ability of the body to stop the bleeding following the vascular injury
hemostasis
hemostasis
arrest or stoppage of bleeding
stop blood loss
interaction of endothelial cells, platelets, other blood cell, plasma proteins, calcium and coagulation
a process to achieve hemostasis
coagulation
coagulation
★ Conversion of liquid state of blood to a semi solid gel: “CLOT”
★ Requires activation proteins: coagulation factors
★ Goal: create fibrin clot
most preffered veins in venipuncture
Median cubital vein
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
this is considered when antecubital veins are not accessible
Dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins
which vin in the hand should not be used
veins on the lateral wrist above the thumb should not be used
this venipuncture should be documented
leg, ankle and foot veins
it is the middle of the arm and in front of the elbow
antecubtial fossa
what are the considerations in vein selection
most prominent vein (fixed and not overlaying a pulse)
- ez to find and feel n stable
- if there is a pulse, that indicates an artery
not the same pattern
- if vein has been used frequently, consider selecting a diff to avoid damaging it
avoid brachial artery
- artery is near there
be mindful of nerves
- cause pain or damage
check median and MCV before considering other AC veins
briefly explain the vein patterns
*index card
H-PATTERN (70%)
- has 3 veins
mcv:
cephalic:
basilic:
M-PATTERN (30%)
- has 5 veins (the other 2 are CV, BV)
median:
mcv:
median basilic vein:
what type of needles are used in the Dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins
they have small veins so butterfly needle
what are the cautions when getting blood from
1. dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins
2. leg, ankle and foot veins
3. arm and leg arteries
- veins on the lateral wrist above the thumb should not be used
- bcs these veins r close to important nerves and arteries = risky to draw blood - diabetic patients
- they have poor circulation in their legs and feet = lead to slow healing or infectious
3.painful and hazardous (damage in artery), thrombus formation, numbness
this is not routinely performed as it is difficult. trained personnel are allowed to conduct this
arm and leg arteries
arm and leg arteries are for ..
arterial blood gas (ABG)
when collecting blood in leg, ankle and foot, it is more prone for …
thrombosis or phlebitis
femoral vein is performed by … and why
MDs - doctor
trained personnel
this is bcs it is a deep vein close to important arteries and nerves
this is considered when vein in the arms are inaccessible and bilateral mastectomy
leg, ankle and foot veins
why should u place torniquet for 1 min only
to avoid hemoconcentration
explain why when trying to find a vein, use the index finger and not the thumb. what is this “process” called
palpating
as thumb has its own pulse = hard to feel the vein properly
what to do when palpating
check the
1. depth - angle of insertion
2. direction - of needle insertion
3. diameter/ width/ size -selecting gauge & type of equipment
what are some other tips in locating a vein
warming of the site
exercising arms (not to vigorous)
well hydrated
mark the veins with the tip of the alcohol pad
no pumping of hands
if still having a hard time, ask for help
use a vein finder device
which formed element is the first to play a role in sealing an injury to a blood vessel
platelet
what is the normal composition of blood
55% - plasma
45% - formed elements
why is the basilic vein is the last choice for venipuncture
as it is located close to a major
a nerve
the preferred vein for venipuncture in the H pattern
median cubital
