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2024 SEM 1 PMLS 2 (LAB) > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

Systems of blood vessels

A

Vascular system

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2
Q

It is a system that allows blood to be circulated from the heart to all parts of the body. What are the 2 divisions
It consists of

A

Vascular system

  • pulmonary circulation
  • systematic circulation

It consists of arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

Explain the flow of pulmonary and systematic circulation

A

index card

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4
Q

Tube-like structures that are interconnected that allows the circulation of blood

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

what type of muscles are blood vessels

A

Smooth muscles

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6
Q

briefly explain the blood vessels

A

index card

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7
Q

when performing a capillary puncture, why do we have to wipe the first drop of blood

A

because it may contain tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
ensure that the subsequent blood drops are pure blood, without being contaminated by tissue fluid

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8
Q

why do the pressure changes in the
abdominal & thoracic cavities of the veins

A

Decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Increases pressure in the abdominal cavity.
When you inhale, it pushes blood toward the heart by reducing thoracic pressure and increasing abdominal pressure, helping to move blood through the veins more efficiently

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9
Q

structure of blood vessels

A

index card

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10
Q

layers of blood vessels

A

index card

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11
Q

functions of blood

A

★ Transport s oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and tissues.
★ Transports hormones to the target area.
★ Eliminates waste asturias from the body’s cells.
★ Maintains water balance for the body’s cells and tissues.
★ Transports antibodies and protective substances throughout the body.
★ Assist in regulating body temperature.
★ Help maintain acid base balance.

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12
Q

blood is _____ times thicker than water

A

5 times

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13
Q

composition of blood

A

formed elements (45%)
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes

liquid portion (55%)
water mostly
straw colored

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14
Q

description of plasma/ serum

A

clear to slightly haze pale yellow
plasma and serum look alike = hard to differentiate
difference btwn the 2: plasma contains fibrinogen but serum does not

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15
Q

composition of plasms/ serum

A

WWOMP Has Nutrients & Gases

Water - 90 to 95%

Waste -
urea
uric acid
xathine, products of chemical reaction

Others
Minerals - Na Mg K Cl Ca

Protein -
fibrinogen - aids in blood clotting
globulin - fight forein invaders (antibodies)
albumin - most abundant, assist in regulating BP

Hormones - assist in chemical and help body maintain constant balance
Nutrients - lipids (triglyceride) n carbs (glucose)
Gases - O2 CO2 N

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16
Q

what are the structure and content of erythrocytes

A

most numerous - 4 to 5 M/cumm
biconcave
- 7-8 um (diameter)
- 2 um (thick)
flexible
hemoglobin (95%) - reason of the red pigment
anucleate

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17
Q

what are the function of erythrocytes

A

gas exchange
- internal respiration: O2 (lungs to cells)
- external respiration: CO2 (cell to lungs)

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18
Q

“erythro” -
“poeisis” -

A

“erythro” - red blood
“poeisis” - production

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19
Q

where does the rbc produced in adults

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

a hormone produced in the kidney that sends signals to the bone marrow to produce more rbc to release in the circulation

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythropoiesis - process of making red blood cells

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21
Q

it is a precursor before becoming a mature rbc

A

reticulocytes
*has RNA fragments in the cells = immature

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22
Q

what is the lifespan of rbc? what happens after lifespan?

A

120 days
after 120 days - removed in the liver, spleen or bone

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23
Q

physiology:
lack of rbc -
increase production of rbc -

A

lack of rbc - anemia
increase production of rbc - polycythemia

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24
Q

structure and content of leukocytes

A

5000 - 10,00 WBCs/cumm
nucleated
granules

*uses wright stains

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25
Q

physiology:
lack of wbc -
increase production of wbc -

A

lack of wbc - leukopenia (less than 5000)
increase production of wbc - leukocytosis (more than 10,000)

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26
Q

functions of leukocytes

A

destroy foreign substances and remove cellular debris
extravascular function: diapedsis - pass through capillaries thin walls of endothelial cells to move to tissue
phagocytosis: engulf foreign substances
produce antibodies: B-lymphocytes

27
Q

breifly explain WBC starting from the most numerous

A

[never let monkey eat bananas]
NEUTROPHILS
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
EAOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS

*index card

28
Q

structure and content of thrombocyte

A

smallest
150,000 - 400,000 plts/cumm
not true cell - fragmments of megakaryocytes’ cytoplasm
coagulation: prevents blood los, platelet plug

29
Q

what is the largest wbc

A

monocytes

30
Q

granulocytes wbc -
agranulocytes wbc -

A

granulocytes wbc - N E B
agranulocytes wbc - L M

31
Q

decrease production of neutrophils -
increase production of neutrophils -

A

decrease production of neutrophils - neutropenia
increase production of neutrophils - neutrophilia

32
Q

what are common tests performed in whole blood

A

cbc - hematological test
HbA1c - chem test

33
Q

whole blood as a specimen

A

not separated or clotted
place in a tube w anticoagulant
if left undisturbed, formed elements will settle at the bottom (hence need to mix for 2 min before performing the test)

34
Q

plasma as a specimen

A

not clotted but separated through centrifugation
placed in a tube with an anticoagulant & centrifuged
with fibrinogen and clotting factors

35
Q

test performed in plasma

A

plasma chemistry test (ammmonia, potassium)
STAT chemistry

36
Q

test performed in serum

A

most of chem and immunology test

37
Q

serum as a specimen

A

shld be clotted (30-60min) & separated through centrifugation
place a plain tube with clot activator and centrifuged
w/o fibrinogen & clotting factors

38
Q

Ability of the body to stop the bleeding following the vascular injury

A

hemostasis

39
Q

hemostasis

A

arrest or stoppage of bleeding
stop blood loss
interaction of endothelial cells, platelets, other blood cell, plasma proteins, calcium and coagulation

40
Q

a process to achieve hemostasis

A

coagulation

41
Q

coagulation

A

★ Conversion of liquid state of blood to a semi solid gel: “CLOT”
★ Requires activation proteins: coagulation factors
★ Goal: create fibrin clot

42
Q

most preffered veins in venipuncture

A

Median cubital vein
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein

43
Q

this is considered when antecubital veins are not accessible

A

Dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins

44
Q

which vin in the hand should not be used

A

veins on the lateral wrist above the thumb should not be used

45
Q

this venipuncture should be documented

A

leg, ankle and foot veins

46
Q

it is the middle of the arm and in front of the elbow

A

antecubtial fossa

47
Q

what are the considerations in vein selection

A

most prominent vein (fixed and not overlaying a pulse)
- ez to find and feel n stable
- if there is a pulse, that indicates an artery

not the same pattern
- if vein has been used frequently, consider selecting a diff to avoid damaging it

avoid brachial artery
- artery is near there

be mindful of nerves
- cause pain or damage

check median and MCV before considering other AC veins

48
Q

briefly explain the vein patterns

A

*index card
H-PATTERN (70%)
- has 3 veins
mcv:
cephalic:
basilic:

M-PATTERN (30%)
- has 5 veins (the other 2 are CV, BV)
median:
mcv:
median basilic vein:

49
Q

what type of needles are used in the Dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins

A

they have small veins so butterfly needle

50
Q

what are the cautions when getting blood from
1. dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins
2. leg, ankle and foot veins
3. arm and leg arteries

A
  1. veins on the lateral wrist above the thumb should not be used
    - bcs these veins r close to important nerves and arteries = risky to draw blood
  2. diabetic patients
    - they have poor circulation in their legs and feet = lead to slow healing or infectious

3.painful and hazardous (damage in artery), thrombus formation, numbness

51
Q

this is not routinely performed as it is difficult. trained personnel are allowed to conduct this

A

arm and leg arteries

52
Q

arm and leg arteries are for ..

A

arterial blood gas (ABG)

53
Q

when collecting blood in leg, ankle and foot, it is more prone for …

A

thrombosis or phlebitis

54
Q

femoral vein is performed by … and why

A

MDs - doctor
trained personnel

this is bcs it is a deep vein close to important arteries and nerves

55
Q

this is considered when vein in the arms are inaccessible and bilateral mastectomy

A

leg, ankle and foot veins

56
Q

why should u place torniquet for 1 min only

A

to avoid hemoconcentration

57
Q

explain why when trying to find a vein, use the index finger and not the thumb. what is this “process” called

A

palpating
as thumb has its own pulse = hard to feel the vein properly

58
Q

what to do when palpating

A

check the
1. depth - angle of insertion
2. direction - of needle insertion
3. diameter/ width/ size -selecting gauge & type of equipment

59
Q

what are some other tips in locating a vein

A

warming of the site
exercising arms (not to vigorous)
well hydrated
mark the veins with the tip of the alcohol pad
no pumping of hands
if still having a hard time, ask for help
use a vein finder device

60
Q

which formed element is the first to play a role in sealing an injury to a blood vessel

A

platelet

61
Q

what is the normal composition of blood

A

55% - plasma
45% - formed elements

62
Q

why is the basilic vein is the last choice for venipuncture

A

as it is located close to a major
a nerve

63
Q

the preferred vein for venipuncture in the H pattern

A

median cubital

2024 SEM 1 PMLS 2 (LAB) (10 decks)

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