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Praxis 1 > Infection - Concept 2 > Flashcards

Infection - Concept 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Meningitis

A

Any infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain or spinal cord

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2
Q

Meningococcus

A

A bacterium often found in the nasopharynx that may cause septicaemia or meningitis

meingo/o - membranes covering brain and spinal cord

coccus - berry shaped

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3
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lung

pneum/o - lungs or resperation
ia - state or condition

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4
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose

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5
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

A

A species of gram positive bacteria responsible for a number of infections including boils and abscesses

Staphyl/o - grape like clusters of bactera

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6
Q

Streptococci

A

A gram positive spherical bacteria occurring in chains or pairs.

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7
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

A disease caused by the toxoplasma protozoa

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8
Q

Antifen

A

Any molecule that is capable of stimulating an immune response

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9
Q

Antibody

A

Special proteins that help the immune system to destroy antigens

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10
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells capable of ingesting foreign cells

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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion and destruction of foreign cells ( bacteria)

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12
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Process whereby leukocytes ( white blood cells) travel to an area

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13
Q

Diapedesis

A

Blood cells move from the intravascular compartnement to the interstitial compartment

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14
Q

Name the 3 types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of a granulocyte?

A
  • release a range of chemicals important for the immune response
  • injesting foreign particules during an imflammatory response removing famaged tissue in prep for new tissue growth
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16
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are granulocytes in a healthy person?

A

65%

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17
Q

What is the function of a Lymphocyte?

A

Lymphocytes begin life in the bone marrow and mature in lymphoid organs. They move throughout the lymphatic and blood vessels

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18
Q

What are the 3 branches of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytse
B Lymphocytes
NK cells

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19
Q

In the chain of infection, define the reservoir?

A

Permanent habitat where an infectious agent can survive but can not necessarily multiply.

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20
Q

Portal of exit

A

Infectious agents need to exit from the reservoir to invade the the host

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21
Q

Mode of transmission

A

Contact, cough, spit, airborne, blood, faceas, rector. How the infection is trasmitted.

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22
Q

Portal of entry

A

Entrance to the body, same as exit. maybe through broken skin

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23
Q

Suscepptible Host

A

Someone who is susceptible to the infection

  • Age
  • Immune system
  • Health issues
  • Hygene
  • Nutrition
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24
Q

Name all 6 steps of the chain of infection

A

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

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25
Q

What are the 4 stages of infection?

A

Incubation period, Prodromal stage, Illness stage, Convalesce stage

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26
Q

What happens in the incubation period?

A

The incubation period is the time between where the microorganism enters the host and the first signs and symptoms of infection. The host may be totally unaware of exposure.

27
Q

What is the name of the chicken pox virus?

A

Varicella

28
Q

What happens in the prodromal stage?

A

Micro-organisms multiply. Host starts to experience non-specific symptoms including muscle aches, fatigue, headaches etc

29
Q

What happens in the illness stage?

A

The acute period. Micro-organisms have invaded and caused damage to the tissues. Signs and symptoms are specific to the infection.

30
Q

What happens in the convalensce stage?

A

Signs and symptoms start to disappear and health begins to improve, The body repairs itself and regains strength.

31
Q

What is the difference between a localised and systemic infection?

A

A localised infection affects just a single organ or body part.
A systemic infection affects the whole body.

32
Q

What sort of symptoms would you see in a localised infection?

A 
puss
swelling
redness
heat
sepsis
Pain
33
Q

What are the 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A

1, Before patient contact
2, Before a procedure
3, After procedure or body fluid exposure
4, After patient contact
5, After contact with patient surroundings

34
Q

How does “age” increase the risk of infection?

A

infants have immature defence mechanisms so they are more susceptible to infection. Defense deteriorates as we age so susceptibility increases

35
Q

How does “ nutritional status” increase the risk of infection?

A

Any reduction in dietary intake increases susceptibility of infection. Especially protein which is needed for routine cellular repair and maintenance.

36
Q

How does “Stress” increase the risk of infection?

A

Prolonged stress depletes our normal adaption response. Continually Increased levels of cortisonethat occur in prolonged stress increase susceptibility to infection

37
Q

How does “ Heredity” increase the risk of infection?

A

If a person has family history of infections/ increased susceptibility to infection they are more likely to contract the infection

38
Q

How does medications/medical therapy increase the risk of infection

A

Sometimes medical therapy has the effect of increasing susceptibilty to infection. Chemo + radiation for cancer treatment / patients after transplants

39
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection in the : Infectious agent

A

Prompt treatment, decontamination, rapid Identification of organism

40
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection in the : Reservoir

A

Good health and hygiene, environmental cleanliness, disinfection/sterilisation

41
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection in the : Portal of exit

A

Correct attire, hand hygiene, correct waste disposal, control of excretion ( making sure lids on pee pots on securely)

42
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection in the : Mode of transmission

A

Hand hygiene, airflow control, disinfection/sterlisation

43
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection in the : Portal of entry

A

Aseptic technique, Hand hygiene, catheter care

44
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection in the : susceptible host

A

Treatment of primary disease, recognition of high risk patients

45
Q

Standard precautions

A

set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases

46
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Aseptic technique means using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens. It involves applying the strictest rules to minimize the risk of infection.

47
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Aseptic technique means using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens. It involves applying the strictest rules to minimize the risk of infection.

48
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

A serious infection in an immunocompromised person that is caused by micro-organisms that usually have no pathogenic activity

49
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Capacity to cause disease

50
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic spread throughout the world

51
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease that spread to a large number of people in a confined geographic area

52
Q

Toxin

A

A harmfull, poisonous substance

53
Q

Pathogen

A

Infections agent

54
Q

Virulence

A

Ability to produce disease

55
Q

Asepsis

A

Being free from living pathogenic micro-organisms

56
Q

Colonisation

A

The establishment of micro-organisms in a specific environment

57
Q

Disinfection

A

Removal of pathogenic micro-organisms

58
Q

List 4 signs and symptoms you would notice during inflammation and explain why you would notice?

A

Pain - caused by edema (swelling)

Redness - Blood vessels dialate - pigment comes to the surface

59
Q

Name the cytokine responsible for fever and the release of prostoglandins

A

Pyrogens - release prostoglandins

60
Q

What is “APC’s”? and what do they do?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

Present the displayed antigens to the T cells

61
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

An autoimmune disease is a group of diseases where body cell antigens stimulate an immunological reaction within the body.

62
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Something that can cause an allergic reaction but is not usually pathogenic

63
Q

List all the different types of organisms

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Virus

64
Q

What are the major cells involved in Innate immunity

A

Phagocytic cells

  • neutrophils
  • macrophages

Natural Killer cells

Praxis 1 (6 decks)

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