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Biology > Infection and Response- PAPER 1 > Flashcards

Infection and Response- PAPER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

What can pathogens be?

A

bacteria, viruses, protists or fungi

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3
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

produce toxins that damage cells and tissue

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4
Q

Hod do viruses make you feel ill?

A

live inside your cells and replicate themselves before eventually causing the cell to burst

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5
Q

What are some ways pathogens spread?

A
  • water
  • air
  • direct contact
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6
Q

How are measles spread?

A

spread by droplets from an infected person sneeze or cough that contains the virus

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7
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A
  • red skin rash

- fever

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8
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

a virus spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

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9
Q

How is HIV controlled?

A

antiretroviral drugs which stop the virus replicating in the body

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Cause parts of the leaves to become discoloured

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11
Q

What can the plant not carry out if it is infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Cant carry out photosynthesis so growth is affected

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

A

purple or black spots on leaves of rose. Eventually leaves turn yellow and drop off

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13
Q

How is Rose Black Spot spread?

A

through water or wind

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14
Q

What is a vector?

A

an organism the carries the protist and transfers it but doesn’t get the diseases itself

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15
Q

What spreads Malaria?

A

Mosquitoes are the vector

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16
Q

How do you prevent malaria?

A
  • insecticides

- mosquito nets

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17
Q

What are symptoms of Malaria?

A

repeating fever

18
Q

What does Salmonella cause?

A

Food poisoning

19
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

-Fever
-stomach cramps
-vomiting
-diarrhea
(caused by toxins that the bacteria produces)

20
Q

How is Gonorrhea spread?

A

sexual contact

21
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A
  • pain when urinating

- thick green or yellow discharge

22
Q

What does the skin do to stop disease?

A
  • Acts as a barrier to pathogens

- secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

23
Q

What does hair and mucus do to stop diseases?

A

trap particles in the nose that contain pathogens

24
Q

What does the trachea and bronchi do to stop disease?

A

produces mucus

25
Q

What does the stomach do to stop disease?

A

produces hydrochloric acid which kill pathogens

26
Q

What do white blood cells do to kill pathogens they recognise?

A

engulf and digest them

27
Q

What do white blood cells do to kill a pathogen they don’t recognize?

A

produce a protein called antibodies which lock onto them so they can be found an destroyed by other white blood cells.

28
Q

What are the unique molecules on a pathogens surface called?

A

antigens

29
Q

What do vaccinations inject?

A

small amount of dead or weakened pathogens which carry antigens that your body can react to

30
Q

What happens if a live pathogen of something that you have been vaccinated for infect you?

A

the white blood cells recognize the pathogen and rapidly produce antibodies that it did when it met the dead or weakened pathogen

31
Q

What are pros of vaccinations?

A
  • Helped control communicable diseases

- epidemics can be prevented if large percentage of population can be vaccinated

32
Q

What are cons of vaccinations?

A
  • don’t always give immunity

- you can have a bad reaction

33
Q

What are hybridomas?

A

a cell that is a fusuin of a mouse B-lymphocyte and a tumour cell

34
Q

What do B-lymphocytes produce?

A

antibodies

35
Q

What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • pregnancy tests https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt8t3k7/revision/2
  • treat diseases
  • find specific substances
36
Q

How are hybridomas made?

A

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt8t3k7/revision/1

Down to diagram

37
Q

What are common signs that a plant has a disease?

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • decay
  • abnormal growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
38
Q

What are some examples of a physical defence in a plant?

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • cell walls
  • bark (dead cells)
39
Q

What are some examples of a mechanical defence in a plant?

A

-thorns
-hairs
droop or curl when touched
-mimic other organisms

40
Q

What are some examples of a chemical defence in a plant?

A
  • produces antibacterial chemicals

- produce poisons

Biology (7 decks)

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