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Biology > Cell Organisation- PAPER 1 > Flashcards

Cell Organisation- PAPER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

If come across this card click and watch video (Food tests)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqWTJWOBww4

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2
Q

What does the heart do?

A

It pumps blood around the body

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3
Q

What are the names of the four chambers in the heart?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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4
Q

Where does the blood flow into the heart?

A

the pulmonary vein and vena cava

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5
Q

What are the steps for the blood going through the heart

A

1) blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
2) the atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
3) the ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, and out of the heart
4) the blood then flows to the organs through arteries, and returns through veins
5) the atria fills again and the whole cycle starts over

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6
Q

Where is the resting heart rate controlled?

A

group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker and produce a small electrical impulses that causes the surrounding muscle cells to contract

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7
Q

What are the 3 blood vessel types?

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

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8
Q

What is a group of similar cells called?

A

tissue

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9
Q

What is a group of different tissues called?

A

an organ

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10
Q

What is a group of organs?

A

Organ system

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11
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance which increases the speed of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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12
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

They are large proteins which are made up of chains of amino acids that are folded into unique shapes

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13
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

Region of an enzyme where the substrate attaches.

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14
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substance on which enzymes act

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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, meaning they speed up reactions without being used up themselves

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16
Q

What are the correct conditions for an enzyme to work properly?

A
  • the right temperature

- the right pH

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17
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature is too hot or the pH is too low or high?

A

The bonds break and the active site changes shape which means the substrate can no longer fit. This sis called denatured

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18
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction?

A

rate = 1000 / time

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19
Q

If come across this card click and watch video (effect of pH on enzymes)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyXXoevEWc8&t=30s

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20
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

Convert Carbohydrates into simple sugars

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21
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Convert proteins into amino acids

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22
Q

What do Lipases do?

A

Convert Lipids into Glycerol and fatty acids

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23
Q

What is the order of organs in the digestive system?

A

tongue, salviary glands, gullet

24
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

produce amylase enzyme in the saliva

25
Q

What does the stomach do?

A
  • pummels the food with its muscular walls
  • produces the protease enzyme, pepsin
  • produces hydrochloric acid
26
Q

What does the Liver do?

A

where bile is produced

27
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

produces protease, amylase and lipases enzymes. Releases these into small intestine

28
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

where bile is stored before its released into the small intestine

29
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

where excess water is absorbed from the food

30
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

31
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

where faeces is stored before released through the anus

32
Q

what do the arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

33
Q

what do the capillaries do?

A

involved in the exchange of materials at the tssues

34
Q

What do the veins do?

A

carry blood to the heart

35
Q

Why are the walls of arteries strong and elastic?

A

close to the heart which means the blood is at a high pressure

36
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

rate of blood flow = volume of blood / number of mins

37
Q

What is Coronary heart disease?

A

when the coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material

38
Q

What are stents?

A

tubes that are inserted into arteries which keeps them open

39
Q

What does coronary heart disease cause?

A

arteries to become narrow which causes blood flow to be restricted and lack of oxygen to the heart- eventually causing a heart attack

40
Q

What effect does a non- communicable disease have on someone lifestyle?

A
  • shorter lifespan
  • worse quality of life
  • costs a lot to to care for the person
  • families have to change lifestyle
  • if person dies families income will be reduced
41
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a disease that can spread from person to person or between animals and people

42
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot spread between people or animals

43
Q

What are some factors that affect people with non communicable diseases?

A
  • smoking
  • poor diet
  • not enough exercise
  • drinking too much alcohol
44
Q

What does epidermal tissue do?

A

covers the whole plant

45
Q

What does palisade mesophyll tissue do?

A

Part of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens

46
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll tissue do?

A

contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the cell

47
Q

What do the Xylem and phloem do?

A

transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant

48
Q

What does the Meristem tissue do?

A

found a growing tips of shoots and roots and changes (differentiate) into different cells that allow the plant to grow

49
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do?

A

Helps reduce water loss by evaporation

50
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

little holes that which let carbon dioxide diffuse directly into the leaf

51
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?

A

food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use (this is called translocation)

52
Q

What do xylem tubes transport?

A

Take water and mineral ions from the root to the stem and leaves (this is called the transpiration stream)

53
Q

What is transpiration?

A

loss of water from the plant

54
Q

What are the 4 main factors that affect transpiration?

A
  • light intensity
  • temperature
  • air flow
  • humidity
55
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

open and close stomatas

Biology (7 decks)

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