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Biology > Cell Biology- PAPER 1 > Flashcards

Cell Biology- PAPER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what does it do?

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions.

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2
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane and what does it do?

A

Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the Mitochondria and what does it do?

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic reactions take place.

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5
Q

What is the Ribosomes and what does it do?

A

Where proteins are made in the cell

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6
Q

What is the Chloroplast and what does it do?

A

where photosynthesis occurs. Contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is the Cell wall and what does it do?

A

Made of cellulose. Supports the cell and strengths it

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8
Q

What is the Permanent vacuole and what does it do?

A

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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9
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Complex cells e.g. animal and plant cells

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10
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Small and simple cells e.g. bacteria

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11
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

What is a prokaryotic?

A

A prokaryotic cell (a single-celled organism)

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13
Q

If come across this card click and watch video (Microscopy)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRNqshwPDe0

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14
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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15
Q

What is an example of a specialized cell and what it is specialized for?

A

Sperm cells- Reproduction
Nerve cells- Rapid signalling
muscle cells- Concentration
root hair cells- absorbing water and minerals
phloem and xylem cells- transporting substances

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16
Q

What are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that can turn into any type of cell

17
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

early human embryos and bone marrow

18
Q

What do normal microscopes allow us too see?

A

let us see things we cant see with the naked eye

19
Q

What do light microscopes allow us too see?

A

light microscopes use light and lenses to form and image of a specimen and magnify it. Let us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures.

20
Q

What do electron microscopes allow us too see?

A

Use electrons to form an image with a high resolution which allows us to see small things in lots of detail.

21
Q

how do you calculate the magnification?

A

magnification = image size / real size

22
Q

If come across this card click and watch video (microbiology practical)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkbLI2mAMP8

23
Q

Where are chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus’ genetic material

24
Q

What are chromosmes?

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

25
Q

What does each chromosome carry?

A

large number of genes

26
Q

what do genes control?

A

Development of different charcteristics

27
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell divides

28
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A
  1. chromosomes line up at centre of cell and cell fibres pull them apart
    2.membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes which become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided
    3.Lastly the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
    The cell has now produced tow new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell
29
Q

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • growth and DNA replication

- mitosis

30
Q

What is the cell cycle for?

A

Growth and repair

31
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

32
Q

Where can diffusion happen and why?

A

Solutions and gases because particles are free to move about randomly

33
Q

What are some reasons that diffusion can happen faster?

A
  • A big concentration gradient
  • high temperature as particles have more energy
  • large surface area of membrane
34
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

35
Q

If come across this card click and watch video (osmosis)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ef2Ts2AKhq8

36
Q

What is active transport?

A

where substances need to be absorbed against a concentration gradient (similar to diffusion but uses energy)

37
Q

What root hair cells adapted to help active transport?

A

Have millions of microscopic hairs which give it large surface area

Biology (7 decks)

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