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Infection and Response (Disease) Flashcards

Goon

1
Q

Define Health

A

the state of complete social, mental and physical well-being not just without disease or infirmity

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2
Q

What is a Communicable Disease?

A

diseases caused by pathogens which are contagious and can be spread from person to person. Eg Measles

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3
Q

What is a Non-Communicable Disease?

A

diseases which cannot be spread from one person to another. Eg Coronary heart disease

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4
Q

Define Pathogen

A

a micro-organism causing infectious disease

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5
Q

Name the 4 types of Pathogens

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protists

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6
Q

How do Pathogens spread?

A

Air
Water
Direct contact with individuals

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7
Q

How do you reduce spread of pathogens?

A

Practicing basic hygiene ( washing your hands )
Drink clean water
Reduce direct contact between individuals ( condom )
Isolation
Vaccination

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8
Q

How do viruses cause Disease?

A

Viruses live and reproduce in our cells, damaging and destroying them.
They also produce toxins which affect the body and make you feel ill.
Physically block the correct working order of your body.

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9
Q

Examples of Viruses

A

Measles and HIV/AIDS

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10
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A

Once in the body they can reproduce rapidly. Bacteria can then produce harmful chemicals called toxins which damage tissues and make us feel ill.

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11
Q

Examples of Bacteria

A

Salmonella and Gonorrhea

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12
Q

Example of Fungi

A

Athlete’s foot

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13
Q

Example of Protists

A

Malaria

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14
Q

How to calculate number of bacteria at end of growth period

A

Bacteria at the beginning x 2 to the power of number of divisions

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15
Q

Define Disinfectant

A

a chemical substance or compound used to inactive or destroy micro-organisms on inert surfaces

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16
Q

Define Antiseptic

A

Chemical agent that slows or stops the growth of micro-organisms on external body surfaces, helping prevent infections

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17
Q

Non-Specific human defence systems against disease/pathogens

A

Skin
Nose
Trachea/Bronchi
Stomach

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18
Q

How does the skin prevent infection from pathogens?

A

.Skin forms a protective layer covering the body; the outer layer consists of dead cells which is difficult for pathogens to penetrate
.If it is cut or grazed, it immediately begins to heal itself by forming a scab ( Help from platelets )

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19
Q

How does the nose prevent infection from pathogens?

A

.Nose has internal hairs which act as a physical barrier to infection
.Cells in the nose produce mucus, trapping the pathogens before they can enter the lungs

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20
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi prevent infection from pathogens?

A

.Goblet cells secret mucus which traps pathogens. The cilia on the ciliated cells waft the trapped particles up the trachea so they can be swallowed and destroyed in the stomach

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the immune system?

A

. Destroys pathogens and any other toxins they produce
. Protects us in case the same type of pathogen invades in the future

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22
Q

What is the name of the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes and Phagocytes

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23
Q

What do Phagocytes do?
Name of the process

A

Phagocytosis
1. Detects chemicals released by pathogen and heads towards it
2. INGESTS the pathogen
3. Uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen

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24
Q

What do Lymphocytes do?

A
  1. Releases specific antibodies
  2. Antibodies stick to the pathogens and trigger them to be destroyed
  3. The antibodies remain in the bloodstream for a long time in case we ever get infected by the same pathogen again
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25
How do white blood cells respond to toxins?
1. White blood cells produce antitoxins 2. Antitoxins stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells
26
Define antibiotic
substance which kills bacteria or prevents them from multiplying, without harming bodily cells
27
What was the first antibiotic?
Penicillin which was discovered by Alexander Fleming in the 1930s
28
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria can evolve quickly because they reproduce at a fast rate. Mutations in the DNA of bacteria can produce new characteristics. A random mutation might cause some bacteria to become resistant to certain antibiotics.
29
Difference between Antibiotics and Painkillers
Antibiotics are substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria whereas painkillers are chemicals that relieve the symptoms but do not kill the pathogens. Painkillers affect the central nervous system
30
How does vaccination prevent illness in an individual? What does it involve?
Vaccination involves introducing small quantities of inactive or dead forms of a pathogen into the body. Because the pathogen is dead or inactive it cannot lead to disease in the patient. The white blood cells are now stimulated to produce antibodies against the inactive pathogen. Copies of these white blood cells ( memory cells ) can stay in the body for decades. If the same pathogen now enters the body, even year later, the white blood cells can produce the correct antibodies quickly and in larger amounts. This prevents infection.
31
What is Herd Immunity?
enough people in a group or area have achieved immunity against a pathogen to make it very difficult for the infection to spread. This protects those who aren't vaccinated such as the newborn or elderly.
32
Where does aspirin come from?
Willow Bark
33
What substance does foxglove have which is used in medicines? What is it used to treat?
Digitalis Heart Problems
34
What are the three main factors to keep in mind when testing drugs?
Efficacy - How well the drug works Safety/Toxicity - How harmful it is/ Side effects Dosage - How much of the drug
35
What does Stage 1 of drug testing consist of?
Pre-clinical ( not tested on humans ) Tested on cells and tissues
36
What does Stage 2 of drug testing consist of? Aim?
Pre-clinical ( not tested on humans ) Tested on live animals Understand more about the efficacy and toxicity of the drug
37
What does Stage 3 of drug testing consist of?
.Tested on healthy volunteers at a low dose to begin with. This aims to work out the maximum dosage which can be given ( without side effects ) . Then it is tested on people suffering with the illness in order to work out the optimum dose ( maximised efficacy but minimum toxicity )
38
How do you ensure the testing process is fair?
Placebo Double blind trial
39
What is a placebo? What is it for?
An inactive substance made to resemble a drug for researchers to use as a control. For example if people knew they were getting the real drug they would be more likely to report any side effects.
40
What is a double blind trial? What is it for?
The participants and the researchers don't know which group has been given the drug and which group has been given the placebo. This also reduces bias when interpreting the results.
41
How are Monoclonal Antibodies made?
1) Inject mouse with an antigen, then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the pathogen 2) Collect lymphocytes from the mouse 3) Fuse (join) lymphocyte with a tumour cell 4) The cell produced is called a hybridoma cell which can produce antibodies and divide by mitosis 5) Select a single hybridoma cell producing the antibody we want and allow it to divide by mitosis and form a clone of identical hybridoma cells 6) The antibodies produced from this clone of hybridoma cells are identical 7) A large amount of our monoclonal antibody can then be collected and purified
42
Name some uses of mAbs
.Diagnosis testing ( eg Pregnancy test ) .Locate specific molecules in a cell or tissue .Treating diseases ( eg cancer )
43
How does a pregnancy test work?
.Pregnancy test kits use monoclonal antibodies which have been designed to bind with a specific hormone called HCG which is found only in the urine of pregnant women. .Free to move blue beads which are covered in monoclonal antibodies are attached to the end of a pregnancy test stick onto which a woman urinates. If she is pregnant, HCG will be present in her urine and will bind to the monoclonal antibodies on the test stick. .The fixed mAbs on the test strip will then bind to the HCG which is combined with the blue beads that are covered in mAbs .By trapping loads of these blue beads eventually the entire strip appears blue https://youtu.be/umRe7GBJ5GE
44
How can a Monoclonal antibodies be used to identify cancer?
.Cancerous cells have antigens .Monoclonal antibodies can be designed to bind specifically with these antigens. When injected into a person's body, the monoclonal antibodies will bind with these cancer cells and clump them together. .This makes it easier to identify a cancerous tumour.
45
Give two ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer
.The mAbs carry drugs ( which have been attached to them) to the tumour .Encouraging your immune system to attack the cancer cells directly
46
What does TMV stand for ( infectious plant disease )?
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
47
How does TMV affect the plant?
Cause a mosaic like discolouration; due to this discolouration the rate of photosynthesis is reduced. This means that the growth of the plant is also reduced. Nitrate ions + Glucose -->Amino acids -->Proteins -->Growth
48
What pathogen is Rose Black Spot caused by?
Fungus
49
What happens to a leaf infected with Rose Black Spot?
Causes the leave to develop purple or black spots; the leaves then often turn yellow and fall off. Therefore, causes the rate of photosynthesis to fall and reduced the rate of growth.
50
How can Rose Black Spot fungus spread?
By water or by wind
51
Name two ways to treat Rose Black Spot
. Spray the plant with chemicals which kill fungi ( fungicides ) . Remove the infected leaves and destroy them
52
What do Aphids do to plants?
The insect Aphids extract nutrients such as sugars through the plants phloem which stunts its growth
53
Name some symptoms of plant disease
.Discolouration .Spots on leaves .Stunted growth .Decay/rot .Growths .Malformed stems or leaves
54
Name two plant ion deficiencies
.Nitrate deficiencies .Magnesium deficiencies
55
What does a nitrate deficiency lead to? And why?
Leads to stunted growth because nitrate is needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth. Nitrate ions + Glucose -->Amino acids -->Proteins -->Growth
56
What does a magnesium deficiency lead to? And why?
A lack of magnesium ion is causes a condition called chlorosis, because magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll.
57
Describe some Physical plant defense responses
. All plant cells have a cellulose cell wall which is difficult for microorganisms such as bacteria to penetrate .Leaves are covered by a thin oily layer called the waxy cuticle which is also difficult for microorganisms to penetrate .Bark is a barrier to entry by microorganisms
58
Describe some Chemical plant defence responses
. Plants can release some antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria and prevent them from attacking the plant .Plants can release poisons to deter herbivores from grazing on the plant
59
Describe some Mechanical plant defence responses
.Sharp thorns directly protect a plant from being eaten by a herbivore .Some plants have hairs which irritate the mouths of herbivores, making the plant difficult to eat .Some plants have special leave which drop or curl when touched .Mimicry ( eg white dead nettle looks very similar to a stinging nettle but it has no sting
60
How to avoid contamination in RP2 ( Culturing microorganisms )
.Sterilise all Petri dishes, bacterial nutrient broth and agar .Sterilise inoculating loop .Incubate bacteria at 25C to avoid the growth of harmful bacteria .Clean working area with disinfectant solution
61
What is the zone of inhibition in RP2?
An area where bacteria has not grown and can be calculated by the simple pie times radius squared.

Biology (6 decks)

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