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Cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define eukaryotic cells

A

cells containing their genetic material (DNA) in an enclosed nucleus

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2
Q

Define prokaryotic cells

A

the genetic material (DNA) in the cell is not enclosed in a nucleus

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3
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cell
Plant cell

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4
Q

Examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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5
Q

Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

.Both contain cytoplasm and ribosomes
.Both have a cell membrane

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6
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

.Eukaryotic cells are bigger
.No mitochondria or chloroplasts in prokaryotic cells
.Genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus in eukaryotic cells unlike prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

Size of a centimetre

A

1cm = 1 × 10^-2 m

or 1/100 of a metre

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8
Q

Size of a millimetre

A

1mm = 1 x 10^-3 m

or 1/1000 of a metre

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9
Q

Size of a micrometre

A

1 μm = 1 x 10^-6 m

or 1/1000000 of a metre (millionth)

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10
Q

Size of nanometer

A

1 nm = 1 x 10^-9 m

or 1,000,000,000 of a metre (billionth)

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11
Q

A fox is around 40cm long. A tick living on the fox is around 0.4 cm long. How many orders of magnitude is the fox larger than the tick?

A

40 divided by 0.4 = 100x

100x is two order of magnitude

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12
Q

Name the cell structures in an animal cell

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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13
Q

Function for all structures in an animal cell

A

Cytoplasm: watery solution where chemical reactions take place
Cell membrane: controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Nucleus: Contains genetic material which controls the cells activities
Mitochondria: site of respiration
Ribosomes: Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs

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14
Q

Name all the cell structures in a plant cell

A

.Cytoplasm
.Nucleus
.Cell membrane
.Cell wall
.Mitochondria
.Ribosome
.Chloroplasts
.Vacuole

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15
Q

Functions for the cell structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells

A

Chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
Cell wall: made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant
Permanent vacuole: Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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16
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for fertilization?

A

.Long tail which allows them to swim to the ovum
.Streamline
.Packed full of mitochondria to provide the energy for swimming
.Contain enzymes, allowing them to digest their way through the outer layers of the ovum

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17
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell?

A

To send electrical impulses around the body

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18
Q

Definition of differentiation

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised

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19
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to its function?

A

.Contains hairs to increase the surface area so it can absorb more effectively
.Root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts
.

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20
Q

What is the xylem?

A

transports water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves

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21
Q

How are xylem cells adapted to its function?

A

.Thick walls containing lignin, providing support to the plant
.End walls have been broken down so it forms a tube allowing for easy flow
.No internal structures, making it easier for flow

22
Q

What is the phloem?

A

moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed for processes (up and down)

23
Q

How to carry out RP1: Using a light microscope

A

1) Rotate the objective lenses so that the low power is in line with the stage
2) Turn the coarse focus so that the stage is as close to the objective lens as possible. You should not look through the microscope to do this.
3) Place the microscope slide on the stage (secure with clip). Line it up so that the specimen – if you can see it – is in the centre of the stage, where the light passes through.
4) Focus the slide towards you by turning the coarse focus adjustment.
5) Draw a low power image or record a digital image of what you see. Then, rotate the objectives so that the high power objective is in line with the stage.
6) Bring the slide back into focus using the fine focus adjustment. If you do not succeed, go back to low power and re-focus, then try again.

24
Q

Advantages of light microscope

A

.Easy to use
.Relatively cheap
.Live specimens can be used
.Show colour

25
Disadvantages of light microscope
.Rely on light so resolution is limited to 2μm .Not good enough to study subcellular structures
26
Advantages of electron microscope
.Use electrons instead of light meaning maximum resolution is 0.1nm (2000x better than light microscopes) .Can use them to study subcellular structures
27
Disadvantages of electron microscope
.Very expensive .Hard to use .Black and white
28
How to calculate magnification of an object?
Size of image divided by size of real image
29
What is binary fission?
The process by which one bacterial cell divides into two
30
Under ideal conditions a type of bacteria divides every twenty minutes. Calculate the number of bacteria present after 8 hours
8 hours = 480 minutes 480 divided by 20 = 24 2 to the power of 24 = 16,777,216 1.6777216 x 10^7
31
Method of RP2: culturing microorganisms (Simple with little contamination prevention mentioned)
1) Ensure hands and workspace are clean 2) Soak a filter paper disc in your first antiseptic 3) Carefully place paper disc on one of the spaces 4) Soak paper discs in the remaining antiseptic (as well as sterile water) and add to agar plate 5) Secure lid of plate with tape and incubate at 25^C for 48 hours
32
How to prevent contamination when culturing microorganisms?
.Sterilise agar gel and glass petri dishes before use .Sterilise inoculating loop .Replace lid as soon as possible and secure with tape .Do not seal fully to prevent the production of harmful anaerobic bacterium .Incubate at maximum temperature of 25 degrees to reduce chance of harmful bacteria to grow
33
What is the zone of inhibition?
a region around the disk where the bacteria has not grown
34
Define mitosis
a type of cell division which produces two identical diploid daughter cells
35
Cell cycle (including mitosis)
Stage 1: The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome (takes up the most time) Stage 2: Mitosis occurs where one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell. The nucleus also divides Stage 3: The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical diploid daughter cells
36
Define stem cell
an undifferentiated cell with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types
37
Where can stem cells be found in humans?
.Bone marrow .Embryonic
38
Define meristem
undifferentiated cells are formed out of active regions of the stems and roots, known as the meristems
39
Define diffusion
the spreading out of particles resulting in net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
40
Factors effecting diffusion
temperature, concentration gradient, size of the molecule, and the presence of a membrane
41
What is the concentration gradient?
The difference in concentration ; the greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion takes place
42
Relationship between increase in size and SA:V ratio
As the size of an organism increases, the surface area to volume ratio
43
Define osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution (high concentration of water) to a more concentrated solution (low concentration of water) across a selectively permeable membrane
44
Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic solutions
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell Hypotonic: Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell Isotonic: Equal concentration of solute in and out of the cell
45
Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic effects (what they lead to)
Hypertonic: Cell becomes shrivelled Hypotonic: Cell swells and eventually bursts Isotonic: No change
46
Method to carry out RP3: Effects of osmosis on Plant tissue (potato)
1) Peel potato 2) Use a cork borer to produce three cylinders of potato 3) Use scalpel to trim the cylinders into the same length (around 3cm) 4) Measure the length and mass of each cylinder ( dry with paper towel before) 5) Place each cylinder into separate tubes with 10cm^3 of different amounts of sugar 6) Leave for the night to allow for osmosis to take place 7) Next remove potato cylinders, dry them off with a paper towel 8) Measure the length and mass of potato again
47
How to calculate percentage change
Change in value divided by original value x 100
48
Define active transport
Active transport is the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient). Requires energy from respiration.
49
Differences between active transport and diffusion
.Active transport is against the concentration gradient wheres diffusion is along it .Diffusion does not require energy from respiration whereas active transport does
50
Where does active transport occur (examples) ?
.Root hair cell in plants .Small intestine (villi) in humans

Biology (6 decks)

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