Infection And Response Flashcards
How are diseases caused by viruses are spread in animals and plants
How are diseases caused by bacteria are spread in animals and plants
How are diseases caused by protists are spread in animals and plants
How are diseases caused by fungi are spread in animals and plants
Explain how the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented
What is a pathogen
What is measles
What is HIV
What is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
What is salmonella
What is gonorrhoea
What is rose black spot
What is malaria
Name the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens and describe them
Skin -
Nose -
Trachea and bronchi -
Stomach -
Explain the role of the immune system in defence against disease
Explain how phagocytosis, antibody production, and antitoxin production help defend against pathogens
Explain how the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population
Explain how vaccination will prevent illness in a human
Explain the use of antibiotics and other medicines in treating diseases
How do antibiotics work
What are painkillers and what do they do
Describe the process of discovering and developing potential new medicines
Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and micro-organisms, name some examples
The Heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves
The painkiller aspirin originates from willow
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould
Describe what toxicity, efficacy, and dose mean when a new drug is being tested
What is preclinical testing for a new drug
Testing is Done in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live animals
What is clinical testing for a new drug and describe the process
Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients
• Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
• If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
• In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo.
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced
Describe some ways monoclonal antibodies can be used
• for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests
• in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens
• in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
• to treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
Advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
In what ways can plant diseases be detected
• stunted growth
• spots on leaves
• areas of decay (rot)
• growths
• malformed stems or leaves
• discolouration
• the presence of pests.
How can the identification of a plant disease be found
• reference to a gardening manual or website
• taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
• using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.
What are the ion deficiency’s that can damage plants
• stunted growth caused by nitrate (needed for protein synthesis) deficiency
• chlorosis caused by magnesium (needed to make chlorophyll) deficiency.
Name the physical defence responses in plants to resist invasion of micro-organisms
• Cellulose cell walls.
• Tough waxy cuticle on leaves.
• Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.
Name the chemical defence responses in plants to resist invasion of micro-organisms
• Antibacterial chemicals.
• Poisons to deter herbivores.
Mechanical adaptions of plants to resist invasion of micro-organisms or predators
• Thorns and hairs deter animals.
• Leaves which droop or curl when touched.
• Mimicry to trick animals.
