Cell Biology Flashcards
Name organelles of plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) and be able to explain roles
Cell membrane - controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Mitochondria - generate and release energy
Cytoplasm - site of chemical reactions
Nucleus - controls activity of cell, where DNA is stored Ribosomes - where proteins are made
Cell wall (plant cell) - gives cell structure, made of cellulose
Chloroplast (plant cell) - site of photosynthesis
Vacuole (plant cell) - used for storage filled with cell sap
Plasmids (bacteria cell) -
Recall the relative size of bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells)
0.2 to 2 micrometers
Describe the difference in how the genetic material is found within eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic has a nucleus
Prokaryotic has a single loop of DNA
To be able to calculate magnification, image size and actual size
Image size
____________________________
Actual size x magnification
What does the nucleus of a cell contain
The nucleus contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules. Each chromosome carries a large number of genes. Chromosomes in the body cells are normally found in pairs
Give an overview of mitosis and the cell cycle
Describe diffusion and active transport and osmosis
Diffusion - is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration, does not require energy
Active transport - movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration, and requires energy
Osmosis - water particles move through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration, does not require energy
Describe what happens when plant and animal cells are placed in solutions of high water concentration and low water concentration.
High water concentration (hypotonic solution)
Plant cell - water enter though osmosis causing them to swell and become turgid
Animal cell - absorbs water causing them to swell, and they may burst
Low water concentration (hypertonic solution)
Plant cell - water moves out the cell causing it to shrink and become flaccid
Animal cell - water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink and shrivels
Explain how different specialised cells are adapted to carry out there function
Sperm cell -
Nerve cell -
Muscle cell -
Root hair cell -
Xylem cell -
Phloem cell -
Advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes
Advantages and disadvantages of light microscopes
How do bacteria cells multiply
Cell division (binary fission)
How do bacteria cells carry out cell division (binary fission)
How to prepare an uncontaminated culture for binary fission? Why do the Petri dishes/algea and inoculating loops used to transfer micro-organisms get sterilised before? Why the Petri dish lid must be secured and stored upside down? Why the school laboratory must be 25c ?
How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a population after a certain time when given the division time
What is a stem cell
undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type
What is the function of stem cells in embryos, in Humans and meristem in plants
Stem cells from human embryos - can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.
Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells
Meristem tissue in plants - can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.
What conditions may treatment with stem cells help
Diabetes and paralysis
What is therapeutic cloning and how does it work
What are the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell use for humans
What are the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell use for meristems in plants
Describe diffusion and active transport and osmosis
Diffusion - is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration, does not require energy
Active transport - movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration, and requires energy
Osmosis - water particles move through a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration, does not require energy
Describe what happens when plant and animal cells are placed in solutions of high water concentration and low water concentration.
High water concentration (hypotonic solution)
Plant cell - water enter though osmosis causing them to swell and become turgid
Animal cell - absorbs water causing them to swell, and they may burst
Low water concentration (hypertonic solution)
Plant cell - water moves out the cell causing it to shrink and become flaccid
Animal cell - water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink and shrivels
What factors effect the rate of diffusion
The difference in concentration (concentration gradient)
The temperature
The surface area of the membrane
