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Infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

Communicable diseases

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person.

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2
Q

Communicable diseases

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing microorgansism

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3
Q

Communicable diseases

What are the four types of pathogen?

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protists
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4
Q

Communicable diseases

How are pathogens spread?

A
  • Air - those infected may cough or sneeze which sprays tiny droplets that can be breathed in by others (Measels,)
  • Direct contact - those infected may touch tohers and transmit the pathogen (Tobacco mosaic virus)
  • Sexual contact - unprotected sex transmits disease (HIV, gonorrhoea)
  • Water - Those who drink contaminated water become infected or fungi is pread through water (Rose black spot)
  • Contaminated food - pathogens grow on food that hasn’t been cooked properly and infect those who eat it (salmonella)
  • Vectors - A host will spread the pathogen (Malaria)
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5
Q

Communicable diseases

How can the spread of pathogens be decreased?

A
  • Improving hygiene - wash hands, use tissues when sneezing, cook food properly
  • Reduce contact with infected individuals - isolation
  • Removing vectors - remove their habitats or use pesticides and insecticides
  • Vaccination
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6
Q

Viral diseases

What are viruses?

A
  • Very small
  • They move into cells and take control of their nucleus to make many copies of itself
  • This causes the cell to burst and release all the copies into the bloodstream
  • The damage and destruction of cells make us feel ill
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7
Q

Viral diseases

Why is it especially important to prevent the spread of viral diseases?

A

Scientists have not yet developed cures for many viral diseases

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8
Q

Viral diseases

What is measles?

A

A serious viral disease that can cause blindess and brain damage. The main symptoms are a fever and a red skin rash. It is spread by air.

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9
Q

Viral diseases

How is measels being prevented?

A

Vaccination for children

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10
Q

Viral diseases

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

HIV is a virus thatattacks and damages the immune system until it can no longer function properly. Initially flu-like symptoms but long term HIV can lead to AIDS. It is spread through sexual contact and the exchnage of bodily fluids.

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11
Q

Viral diseases

How is HIV/AIDS being prevented?

A

There is currently no cure for this but it is being controlled with antiretrovial drugs and can be prevented with condoms and not sharing needles.

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12
Q

Viral diseases

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A plant virus which causes leaf discolouration when cells are damaged. Affected areas can not photosynthesise, reducing the crop yield. It is transported by direct contact.

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13
Q

Viral diseases

How is tobacco mosaic virus being prevented?

A

There is currently no treatement so farmers grow TMV-resistant crop strains to avoid infection.

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14
Q

Bacterial diseases

What are bacteria?

A
  • small
  • they multiply very quickly through dividing by a process called binary fission
  • they produce toxins that can damage cells
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15
Q

Bacterial diseases

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria found in raw meat, poultry and eggs. If they enter the body via food poisoning, they can affect natural gut bacteria. Typical symptoms include fever, abdominal cramping, vomiting and diarrhoea.

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16
Q

Bacterial diseases

How is salmonella being prevented?

A
  • Vaccinating animals intended for consumption
  • Keep raw meat away from cooked meat
  • Disinfect hands and surfaces after touching raw meat
  • Thoroughly cook meat
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17
Q

Bacterial diseases

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by unprotected sex with an infected individual. Early symptoms include pain when urinating and a yellow/green discharge from the genitals.

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18
Q

Bacterial diseases

How is gonorrhoea prevented?

A

The spread is controlled through antibiotics and using condoms.

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19
Q

Fungal diseases

What are fungi?

A
  • They can either be single celled or have a body made of hyphae
  • They can produce spores which can be spread to other organisms
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20
Q

Fungal diseases

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose petals. It reduces the area of the leaf which is available for photosynthesis and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop prematurely. It is spread through water and wind.

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21
Q

Fungal diseases

How is rose black spot prevented?

A

Farmers use fungicides and destroy the infected leaves.

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22
Q

Protist diseases

What are protists?

A
  • Some are parasitic, meaning they use humans and animals as their hosts
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23
Q

Protist diseases

What is malaria?

A

A disease caused by protist pathogens. The disease is carried from host to host by mosquitoes, and the protists enter the human bloodstream when they feed. Symptoms include fever and shaking, and it may also be fatal in some cases.

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24
Q

Protist diseases

How is malaria being prevented?

A

Insecticides, insect nets, preventing mosquito breeding and antimalarial drugs.

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25
# Human defense systems How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?
The skin acts as a physical barrier. After it is cut, blod clots around it and forms a scab. It has antimicrobial secretions that can kill pathogens and healthy skin flora acts as an additional barrier, competing with pathogens.
26
# Human defense systems How does the respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering the body?
* Nose - has hairs and mucus that traps the pathogens * Trachea/bronchi - have mucus that traps pathogens, Ciliated cells move mucus to the mouth so it can be swallowed
27
# Human defense systems How does the stomach prevent pathogens from infecting the body?
* Has hydrochloric acid that kills any pathogens
28
# Human defense systems How do the eyes prevent pathogens from entering?
* Produces tears that contain chemicals that kill pathogens * Eyelashes act as a physical barrier
29
# Human defense systems How does phagocytosis protect against disease?
Phagocytes (white blood cells) engulf and destroy pathogens
30
# Human defense systems How does anitbody production protect against disease?
Lymphocytes (white blood cells) produce antibodies that are complementary to a specific antigen. The bindin of antibodies to antigens causes pathogens to clump together, making them easier to destory.
31
# Human defense systems How does antitoxin production protect us against disease?
Antitoxins bind to toxins produced by pathogens and neutralise them
32
# Vaccination What is a vaccination?
An injection of a dead or weakened pathogen which stimulates white bood cells to produce the complementary antibodies. In a second infection, memory cells can rapidly produce the right antibody
33
# Vaccination What is herd immunity?
If a high ammount of the population is immune to a disease (vaccination) , the spread of it is limited
34
# Vaccination What are the advantages of vaccinations?
* They have eradicated many diseases * Many epidemics can be prevented by vaccinations * Herd immunity protects those unable to have vaccines
35
# Vaccination What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?
* Not guaranteed to work * May be side effects
36
# Antibiotics and painkillers What drugs are used to cure some bacterial diseases?
Antibiotics - they can kill bacterial pathogens inside the body
37
# Antibiotics and painkillers How do antibiotics work?
Antibiotics e.g penicillin kill bacterial pathogens inside the body, but do not kill human cells. Whilst some antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria, it is important that the right antibiotic is used for specific bacteria
38
# Antibiotics and painkillers Why can't antibiotics be used to treat viral diseases?
Viruses reproduce inside the hosts cells. Therefore, it is difficult to make drugs that can kill the virus without damaging the hosts cells.
39
# Antibiotics and painkillers What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when mutations lead to individual bacteria being resitant to antibiotics. These bacteria are able to survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles, leading to a greater proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This is concerning as some types of bacteria are becoming resistant to all known antibiotics, so the diseases that they cause cause cannot be cured.
40
# Antibiotics and painkillers How can we prevent antibiotic resistance?
* Avoid overuse and unnecessary use of antibiotics * Finish antibiotic courses - to ensure all bacteria is killed
41
# Antibiotics and painkillers What effect do painkillers have on infectious diseases?
Painkillers can only treat symptoms but do not kill pathogens
42
# Antibiotics and painkillers What plant is the heart drug digitalis extracted from?
Foxgloves
43
# Antibiotics and painkillers What painkiller orginates from a compound found in willow bark?
Aspirin
44
# Antibiotics and painkillers What antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming from a type of mold?
Penicillin
45
# Discovery and development of drugs What three main factors are tested for when developing a new drug?
* Toxicity * Efficacy * Dose
46
# Discovery and development of drugs How is preclinical testing carried out?
In a laboratory - uses cells tissues and live animals
47
# Discovery and development of drugs How is clinical testing carried out?
Uses healthy volunteers and patients. Firstly, the drug is tested at a low dose on healthy people - then tested on patients and on a larger scale to find the optimum dose. Often, one group receive a placebo and the other group recieve the actual drug, in order to assess its efficacy
48
# Discovery and development of drugs What is difference between a single-blind and a double-blind trial?
In a single-blind trial, only the doctor knows whether the patient is recieving the drug or the placebo. In a double-blind trial, neither the patient nor the doctor knows. Double-blind trials help remoce bias on the part of the doctor.
49
# Discovery and development of drugs What is peer review?
Where other scientists check over the results of drug trials, to remove bias or corruption
50
# Producing monoclonal antibodies What are monoclonal antibodies?
- Antibodies that are clones from one parent cells - Specific to one type of antigen
51
# Producing monoclonal antibodies Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced
* Inject a mouse with a pathogen * Extract and collect the lymphocytes that make the specific antibody for the pathogen * Combine with a tumour cell to creare a hybridoma * Provide with the correct nutrients and conditions and allow mitosis to take place creating clones of the original hybridoma * You now have cells that will all produce the desired antibody * Extract the anitbodies from the hybridomas and purify
52
# Use of monoclonal antibodies Name the uses of monoclonal antibodies
- Detection of pathogens - Cancer treatment - Pregnancy tests
53
# Use of monoclonal antibodies Outline the advantages of using monoclonal antibodies
* Only target diseased / damaged cells * Could treat a wide range of conditions * Cheaper than convential treatments * Quick and accurate
54
# Use of monoclonal antibodies Outline the disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies
* Side effects * Making the right anitbodies is complex * Use of mice - unethical
55
# Use of monoclonal antibodies Explain how pregnancy tests work
Pregnancy tests test for hCG in urine. If the woman is pregnant: - hCG binds to mAbs attached to a blue bead - mAbs with hCG diffuse up dipstick - mAbs fixed to the stick bind to hCG - blue line forms
56
# Detection and identification of plant diseases Name some symptoms of plant disease
- discoloured leaves - black spots - wilting - pests / aphids - stunted growth - areas of decay
57
# Detection and identification of plant diseases How can we identify the plant diseases?
- refer to a gardening manual / website - carry out lab tests - use testing kits that contain monoclonal anitbodies
58
# Detection and identification of plant diseases Why do plants need a good supply of nitrate ion?
Nitrate ions are needed to convertsugars into protein which are required for the plant to grow
59
# Detection and identification of plant diseases Why do plants need a good supply of magnesium ion?
Magnesium ions are required to synthesise chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.
60
# Plant defense responses Give examples of physical plant defences
- Layer of dead cells (bark) - Cellulose cell wall - Waxy cuticle of leaves
61
# Plant defense responses Give examples of chemical plant defences
- Antibacterial chemicals - Poisons that deter herbivores
62
# Plant defense responses Give examples of mechanical plant defences
- Leaves which droops / curl when touched - Mimicry - Thorns / hairs

Biology Year 10 (5 decks)

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